Saturday, April 30, 2011

islamic pdf files in english and മലയാളം

to download please right click and save target as

is ishtighasa allowed in islam  ? brief explanation

ഇസ്തിഗാസ

istighasa question n answer




about hadees classification n all reporters etc

ഹദീസ്‌  
all info about hadees malayalam part 1

part 2




to know about our beloved prophet muhammed (saw)

prophet mohammed (saw) biography english ( a must know)



മുഹമ്മദ് നബി (സ്വ)
mohammed nabi (saw) malayalam pdf
mohammed nabi part 2 malayalam

about ahlubaith

അഹല് ബൈത്ത് കര്‍ബലയില്‍ അവസാനിച്ചുവെന്നോ?

ahlu baith malayalam




മദ്ഹബ് 

about madhab all details  in malayalam
mad'hab




about quran

ഖുര്‍ആന്‍ 

about quran malayalam





തൌഹീദും ശിര്‍ക്കും 

tauheed n shirk malayalam


ഇസ്തിഗാസ 

istighasa malayalam



തവസ്സുല്‍

tawassul malayalm pdf

Friday, April 29, 2011

vyatiyana chinthakal (www.muslimpath.com) വ്യതിയാന ചിന്തകള്‌


 

a\pjysâ DÂ`hw
imkv{X ho£Ww
aXho£Ww
`qanbnse BZna a\pjyÀ BZw(A)Dw `mcy lÆm _ohn(d)bpamWv. AhÀ¡p ap¼v ChnsS a\pjy³ Dണ്ട­mbncpt¶m F¶Xv XÀ¡ hnjbamWv. Dണ്ടmbn cp¶psh¶v A`n{]mbs¸« Nne Ncn{XImc·mcpണ്ട­v. JpÀB³ hymJymXm¡fn B[p\nIcmb NneÀ Cu A`n{]mbs¯ icn shs¨gpXnbn«pണ്ട­v. JpÀB\nse cണ്ട­mw A²ymbamb AÂ_Jd kqd¯nse 30 mw kqàamWv CXn\v AhÀ sXfnhmbp²cn¡p¶Xv. \nsâ \mY³ aeക്കpItfmSv ]dª kµÀ`w HmÀ¡pI, Rm³ `qanbn Hcp {]Xn\n[nsb \ntbmKn¡m³ t]mIp¶p; AhÀ tNmZn¨p: AXn \miw Dണ്ട­m¡pIbpw càw Nn´pIbpw sN¿p¶hscbmtWm \o \ntbmKn¡p¶Xv? (Jp 2:30). aeക്കpIfpsS Cu tNmZy¯n \n¶v t\cs¯ ChnsS Hcp Iq«À Pohn¨ncp¶psh¶pw AhÀ Ipg¸¡mcpw càw Nn´p¶hcpambn cp¶psh¶pw Cu ap³ A\p`h¯n \n¶pamWv aeക്കpIÄ C§s\ tNmZns¨sX¶pw ChÀ A\pam\n¡p¶p. Jeo^ F¶ hm¡n\v {]Xn\n[n F¶Xn\v ]pdsa ]n³Kman F¶ AÀYhpw IqSnbpÅXpsIm­ണ്ടv Cu Dulw AØm\¯msW¶v ]dªvIqSm.
{Kl§fn `qanbn am{XamWtÃm a\pjyÀ DÅXv. `qanbpw AXn A[nhkn¡p¶ a\pjycpw Ft¸mÄ, F§s\ D­mbn F¶ tNmZy¯n\v imkv{XÚ·mÀ ]e D¯c§ fpw \ÂInbn«p­v. Ahbn H¶v C{]ImcamWv:
At\Iw kl{km_vZ§Ä¡v ap¼v kqcy\n \n¶v s]m«ns¯dn¨pണ്ടm bXmWv `qan. BZyw AXv Hcp AKv\n tKmfambncp¶p. {ItaW AXv XWp¯v hmktbmKyambn. Hcp ]¯p tImSn hÀj§Ä sImണ്ടാWs{X CXv kw`hn¨Xv. Imem´c¯n `qanbn Poh³ {]Xy£s¸«p. Bgw Ipdª kap{Z Xoc {]tZi§fnemWv Pohsâ e£Ww BZyw I­ണ്ടp XpS§nbXv. ]n¶oSv P´p hÀK¯nsâ Gähpw eLphmb cq]w BhnÀ`hn¨p. t{]mt«mtkmh(Protozoa) AYhm BZys¯ P´p¡Ä F¶ t]cn BWv Ch Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. A³]XptImSn hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼mWv Cu {]YamWp PohnIÄ BhnÀ`hns¨sX¶mWv imkv{X \nKa\w. C¡q«¯n Gähpw Xmgv¶ ]SnbnÂs]« PohnbmWv Aao_.
Aao_bn \n¶v Imem´c¯n ]cnWmaw {]m]n¨v ]e P´p¡fpapണ്ട­mbn. A§s\ At\Iw tImSn hÀj§Ä¡nSbn aÕyap­mbn. ]n¶oSv shůnepw Icbnepw Pohn¡m³ Ignbp¶ P´p¡Ä BhnÀ`hn¨p. Chbn NneXv Icbn am{Xw Pohn¡m³ ioen¨hbmbncp¶p. Icbn Pohn¡p¶ CgP´p¡fpsS DÛhw C§s\bmWv. Chbn Gähpw hepXv A³]Xv ASnbne[nIw \ofapÅ Znt\mkÀ F¶ Pohnbmbncp¶p. Ggp tImSn hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼mWv C¯cw P´p¡Ä `qanbn P\n¨sX¶v A\pam\n¡s¸Sp¶p. Cu `oamImc PohnIfpsS \mi¯n\p tijw `qanbn kkvX\§Ä (mammals) DÛhn¨p. IpXnc, H«Iw, Ipc§v apXemb P´p¡Ä C§s\ GXm­ണ്ടv A©ptImSn hÀj§Ä¡v ap¼v `qanbn {]Xy£s¸«p. BZna a\pjysâ DÛhw Ipc§p hÀK¯n \n¶mbncp¶psh¶v imkv{XÚ·mÀ IcpXp¶p. GItZiw A©pe£w hÀj§Ä¡¸pdamWv BZna a\pjy³ Pohn¨ncp¶Xv. Cu ImeL«s¯ inembpKw F¶v ]dbp¶p. PÀa\nbnse \nbm­À Xmgvhcbn Pohn¨ncp¶Xmbn hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶ \nbm­ÀXmÄ a\pjycmWv {]mNo\ inembpK¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ a\pjycn Gähpw IqSpX Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. ]n¶oSv \ho\ inembpK¯nse a\pjycp­mbn.
C{Xbpw hnhcn¨Xv imkv{Xw ]dbp¶ ]cnWma kn²m´ (Theory of Evolution) ¯nsâ cXv\¨pcp¡amWv. CXv bmYmÀYyamsW¶v imkv{XImc·mÀ t]mepw AhImis¸Sp¶nÃ. imkv{XImc\mb kmÀ BÀXÀIo¯v FgpXp¶p: ]cnWma kn²m´w sXfnbn¡s¸«n«nÃ, sXfnbn¡pI km[yhpaÃ. \mw AXn hnizkn¡m\pÅ ImcWw krjvSn¸v F¶ atä kn²m´w ANn´yambXpsImണ്ടാWv.
aXho£Ww
a\pjys\ a®n \n¶mWv krjvSn¨sX¶v JpÀB³ ]dbp¶p. kqdXp A³Banse c­ണ്ടാw kqàw ]dbp¶p: AÃmlphmWv Ifna®n \n¶pw \n§sf krjvSn¨Xpw F¶n«v \n§Ä¡v HcmbpjvImew \nÝbn¨v X¶Xpw (JpÀB³ 6:2). kqdXp lÖnse 5 mw hN\w C§s\ hnhcn¡p¶p: \nÝbambpw \n§sf \mw a®n \n¶pw ]n¶oSv ip¢¯n  \n¶pw ]n¶oSv cà ]nÞ¯n \n¶pw ]n¶oSv cp]w \ÂIs¸«Xpw cq]w \ÂIs¸Sm¯Xpamb amwk ]nÞ¯n \n¶pw krjvSn¨p (JpÀB³ 22:5). kqdXp apAvan\q\nse 12 apX ]Xn\mev hscbpÅ kqà§fn ]dbp¶p: XoÀ¨bmbpw a\pjys\ \mw Ifna®nsâ k¯bn \n¶p krjvSn¨p. ]n¶oSv Ahs\ Hcp kpc£nX Øm\¯v tcXkvIWambn ]cnhÀ¯n¨p. ]n¶oSv B tcXkvIW¯n\v cà ]nÞ¯nsâ cq]w \ÂIn. A\´cw FÃpIsf \mw amwkw [cn¸n¨p. ]n¶oSv \mw AXns\ asämcp krjvSnbmbn hfÀ¯nsbSp¯p. At¸mÄ Gähpw \à {kjvSmhmb AÃmlp A\p{Kl k¼qÀW\mIp¶p (Jp 23:12,13,14).
Cu JpÀB\nI hN\§fpsS s]mcpÄ C{]ImcamWv. BZna a\pjy\mb BZw(A)an s\ a®n \n¶mWv krjvSn¨Xv. ]n¶oSv kv{Xo ]pcpj _Ô¯neqsS a\pjy hÀKw hfÀ¶p.kv{Xo krjvSn¡s¸«Xv ]pcpj\n \n¶msW¶pw hyàam¡s¸«n«pണ്ട­v. CXmWv a\pjy krjvSn¸ns\¡pdn¨v JpÀB³ AhXcn¸n¡p¶ XXzw
AÃmlp krjvSn¨ BZw lÆ Z¼XnIsf \mw kzÀK¯n Xmakn¸n¨p. AhnsS \n¶v hne¡s¸« I\n Xn¶Xnsâ t]cn Ccphscbpw ]pd¯m¡n. c­ണ്ടാw A²ymb¯n 35mw kqàw C¡mcyw C§s\ {]Xn]mZn¡p¶p: \mw ]dªp, BZw! Xm¦fpw Xm¦fpsS `mcybpw Cu kzÀK¯n Xmakn¨psImÅpI. AXn \n¶v \n§Ä Dt±in¨nS¯p \n¶v \n§Ä Ccphcpw kp`n£ambn `£n¨v sImÅpI. F¶m Cu hr£s¯ \n§Ä kao]n¡cpXv. At¸mÄ \n§Ä c­pt]cpw A{IanIfn s]«pt]mIpw. 36mw kqàw XpSÀ¶v ]dbp¶p: F¶mÂ, ]n¶oSv ]nimNv Ahsc AXn \n¶v hyXnNen¸n¨p. AhÀ cണ്ട­v t] scbpw ]qÀÆØnXnbn \n¶pw ]pd¯m¡n. \mw ]dªp, \n§Ä Cd§nt¸mhpI, \n§fn NneÀ NneÀ¡v i{XphmIp¶p. \n§Ä¡v `qanbn Hcp \nÝnX Imew hsc Xmakhpw PohnX hn`hhpw Hcp¡nbncn¡p¶p.
38,39 kqà§fn JpÀB³ XpSÀ¶v {]kvXmhn¡p¶p: \mw ]dªp; \n§Ä FÃmhcpw ChnsS \n¶v ]pd¯v t]mhpI. F¶n«v F¶n \n¶v \n§Ä¡v hà amÀKZÀi\hpw F¯pt¼mÄ, \n§fn Bsc¦nepw Rm³ \ÂInb B amÀKZÀi\w kzoIcn¡p¶ ]£w AhÀ¡v bmsXm¶pw `bs¸Smt\m ZpxJn¡mt\m CÃ. Bsc¦nepw \½psS ZrjvSm´§sf Ahnizkn¨v hymPambn«v XÅnbm AhÀ \cI¯nsâ BfpIÄ Bbn¯ocp¶Xpw, imizXambn AXn hkn¡m³ hn[n¡s¸«hcmbn ]cnWan¡p¶XpamWv.

BcmWv apkvenw?

{]kn²§fmb Nne lZokpIfn apkvenansâ Nne khntijXIÄ \_n(kz) hniZam¡nbn«pണ്ട­v. A_vZpÃmln_v\p Awdv(d) \nthZ\w sN¿p¶p: \_n(kz) ]dªp: BcpsS \mhn \n¶pw I¿n \n¶pw apkvenwIÄ kpc£nXcm Ip¶pthm Ah\mWv apkvenw. A_qaqkm(d)bn \n¶pÅ \nthZ\w ]dbp¶p: Ckvemansâ \S]SnIfn GXmWv DÂIrjvSw? kzlm_namÀ \_n(kz)tbmSv tNmZn¨p. dkqÂ(kz) ]dªp: BcpsS \mhn \n¶pw I¿n \n¶pw apkvenwIÄ kpc£nXcmbncn¡p¶pthm(Ahsâ \S]SnbmWv Gähpw DÂIrjvSw) Ah\mWv bYmÀY apkvenw.
A_vZpÃmln_v\pAwdn(d)sâ asämcp \nthZ\¯n C{]Imcw ImWmw: Ckvemansâ \S]SnIfn GXmtWähpw D¯asa¶v HcmÄ \_ntbmSt\zjn¨p. \_n ]dªp: \o Blmcw \ÂIpI. \n\¡v ]cnNbapÅhÀ¡pw CÃm¯hÀ¡pw kemw ]dbpIbpw sN¿pI. X\n¡njvSs¸Sp¶Xv ktlmZc\pthണ്ട­nbpw CjvSs¸Sp¶Xv hsc \n§fn Bcpw kXyhnizmknbmIbnsöpw dkqÂ(kz) ]dªn«p­ണ്ടv.
A\kv(d) Hcp lZokn apkvenansâ e£Ww hnhcn¡p¶Xv C{]ImcamWv: \mw \nkvIcn¡pw t]mse \nkvIcn¡pIbpw \½psS Jn_vesb AwKoIcn¡pIbpw \mw Adp¯Xv `£n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶h\mtcm Ah\s{X apkvenw. Ah\v AÃmlphnsâbpw Ahsâ ZqXsâbpw kwc£W¯n\v AhImiap­ണ്ടv. AXpsImണ്ട­v AÃmlp GsäSp¯ncn¡p¶ kwc£tWm¯chmZ¯n ewL\w {]hÀ¯n¡cpXv. Cu lZokpIsfÃmw Camw _p Jmcn(d) Xsâ kzloln D²cn¨n«p­ണ്ടv.
Bcm[\¡v ]pdsa am\pjnI acymZIÄ ]men¡p¶Xnepw apkvenw kZm Pm{KX ]peÀ¯Wsa¶v JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw Kuchambn¯s¶ A\pimkn¨n«pണ്ട­v. JpÀB\nse 49mas¯ A²ymbamb kqdXp lpPpdmXn s]cpamä acymZIsf¡pdn¨v [mcmfw ]cmaÀi§fp­ണ്ടv. 13 mw kqàw GIam\hnIXbpw am\hnI kaXzhpw Du¶n¸dbp¶p. AÃtbm a\pjysc, Htc BWn \n¶pw s]®n \n¶pamWv \mw \n§sf krjvSn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. \n§sf kapZmb§fpw tKm{X§fpam¡nbXv \n§Ä ]ckv]cw Xncn¨dnbm³ thണ്ട­n am{XamWv. \n§fn PohnX¯n Gähpw IqSpX kq£vaX ]men¡p¶hcmWv AÃmlphn¦Â Gähpw BZcWobÀ (Jp 49:13).
AÂ_Jd 177 mw kqàw ]dbp¶p: \n§fpsS apJ§sf Ingt¡mt«m ]Snªmtdmt«m Xncn¡eà ]pWyw. adn¨v AÃmlphnepw A´yZn\¯nepw aeIpIfnepw thZ§fnepw {]hmNI·mcnepw hnizkn¡pIbpw AÃmlphnt\mSpÅ kvt\l¯nsât]cn Xsâ {]nbs¸« [\w _Ôp¡Ä¡pw A\mYÀ¡pw AKXnIÄ¡pw bm{X¡mÀ¡pw klmbaÀYn¡p¶hÀ¡pw ASnaIsf tamNn¸n¡p¶Xn\pw Nnehgn¡pIbpw \nkvImcw \ne\nÀ¯pIbpw kIm¯v \ÂIpIbpw sN¿p¶sXms¡bmWv ]pWyw. IcmÀ sNbvXm AXv ]men¡pIbpw {]XnkÔnIfnepw B]¯pIfnepw IjvSXIfnepw kl\ahew_n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶hcmWv ]pWyhm·mÀ. AhcmWv kXyhm·mÀ. AhÀ Xs¶bmWv `à·mcpw (Jp 2:177).
A²ymbw 17 kqdXp C{kmC 23,24 kqà§Ä IpSpw_ acymZIsfs´ms¡bmsW¶v ]Tn¸n¡p¶p. ssZhmcm[\s¡m¸w amXm]nXm¡tfmSpÅ _m[yXbmWv JpÀB³ HmÀ½n¸n¡p¶Xv. \nsâ \mY³ hn[n¨ncn¡p¶p: \n§Ä Ah\v am{XaÃmsX aämÀ¡pw Bcm[\ sN¿cpXv. amXm]nXm¡tfmSv \à \nebn hÀ¯n¡Ww. Ahcn Bsc¦n epw, AYhm c­ണ്ടp t]cpw \n§tfmsSm¸ambncns¡ hmÀ²Iyw {]m]n¨m \n§Ä AhtcmSv sO F¶v t]mepw ]dbcpXv. AhtcmSv ]cpjambn kwkmcn¡cpXv. adn¨v BZc]qÀÆw kwkmcn¡pI. AhcpsS ap¼n I\nthmSpw ImcpWyt¯mSpw IqSn hn\oXcmbn hÀ¯n¡pI. \mYm Fsâ Ip«n¡me¯v Ahscs¶ kvt\l]qÀÆw hfÀ¯nbt]mse \o AhtcmSv ImcpWyw ImWn¡Wta! F¶v {]mÀYn¡pIbpw sN¿pI (Jp 17:23,24). hn izmknIsfÃmw ktlmZÀ·mcmsW¶pw AXn\m \n§fpsS ktlmZc·mÀ¡nSbnepÅ _豈 \¶m¡phn³ F¶pw 49:10  JpÀB³ DZvt_m[n¸n¡p¶p. ]cZqjI\pw Zpjv{]NcWw \S¯p¶h\pw \miamsW¶v 104mw A²ymb¯n ]dbp¶p. BfpIsf ap J¯v t\m¡n Bt£]n¡p¶Xpw adªp \n¶v Ipäw ]dbp¶Xpw ioeam¡nbhÀ¡v a lm\miw (Jp 104:1).
kqd¯p lpPpdmXn Xs¶ ]dbp¶p: hnizmknIsf, \n§fn NneÀ aäp Nnesc ]cnlkn¡mXncn¡pho³, Hcp]t£, AhÀ aähsc¡mÄ t{ijvTcmbncn¡mw....\n§Ä ]ckv]cw Ifnbm¡mXncn¡pIbpw At\ym\yw ]cnlmk \ma§Ä ]dªv hnfn¡mXncn¡pIbpw sN¿pho³.... Ignbp¶nSt¯mfw ktµl§sf ZqcoIcn¡pho³; F´psIms­ണ്ട¶m ktµlw Nnet¸mÄ ]m]ambn ]cnWan¡p¶p. \n§Ä Npgnªt\zjn¡cpXv. \n§fn Bcpw Bsc¡pdn¨pw ]cZqjWw ]dbcpXv. \n§fn Bsc¦nepw acn¨ ktlmZcsâ amwkw Xn¶m\njvSs¸Sptam? CÃ, \n§fXv shdp¡psa¶Xv XoÀ¨bmWv (Jp 49:11,12). JpÀB³ 17:34 Blzm\w sN¿p¶p: FÃm ImcmdpIfpw ]men¡pI.
17:35  ]dbp¶p: \n§Ä Af¶v sImSp¡pt¼mÄ icnbmbn Af¡pIbpw IrXyamb XpemkpsImണ്ട­v Xq¡pIbpw sN¿pho³. 17:33  A\ymbamb h[w \ntcm[n¨psIm­ണ്ടv D¯chp ]pds¸Sphn¡p¶p.Xpeyamb {]XnImc \S]Sn¡v A\phmZw \ÂIp¶tXmsSm¸w Xs¶ am¸p \ÂIp¶Xnsâbpw cayXbpണ്ട­m¡p¶Xnsâbpw al¯mb {]Xn^ew 42:40 FSp¯p²cn¡p¶p. 17:32 hy`nNmcw hne¡p¶p. F´psImsണ്ട­¶m AXv t¾¨Xbpw AXnsâ amÀKw \oNhpamIp¶p.
JpÀB³ 25:63 AÃmlphnsâ \Ãhcmb ASnaIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯ns¡mണ്ട­p ]dbp¶p: IcpWmab\mb ssZh¯nsâ Zmk·mÀ `qanbn hn\oXcmbn \S¡p¶hcmWv. AhnthInIÄ Ahsc t\cn«m AhÀ kam[m\w Biwkn¨v ]n´ncnbpw.... Nnehgn¡pt¼mÄ AhÀ [qÀ¯Sn¡pItbm ep_v[cmhpItbm CÃ, {]XypX AhÀ CXp cണ്ട­n\panSbn anXXzw ]men¡p¶hcmbncn¡pw (Jp 25:67). A\y`h\§fn {]thin¡p¶Xv A\phmZw IqSmsX ]mSnsöv 24:27 ]dbp¶p. C§s\ Hcp apkvenw PohnX¯n ]ment¡ണ്ട­ \nch[n BNmc acymZIsf¡pdn¨v JpÀB\nse hnhn[ kqà§Ä \nÀt±i§Ä \ÂIp¶p. C§s\ hnizmkhpw Bcm[\bpw k¡À½§fpsam¶n¨v tNcpt¼mgmWv Hcp hyàn bYmÀY apkvenamIp¶Xv.

hyXnbm\ Nn´IfpsS Bcw`w
`n¶X cmjv{Sob¯nÂ
JhmcnPpw AhcpsS kn²m´§fpw

\_n(kz)bpsS h^m¯n\v tijw cwK¯v h¶ AcmPI hmZnIsfbpw \p_pƯv hmZnIsfbpw H¶mw Jeo^ iàambn t\cnSpIbpw im´nbpw kam[m\hpw \ndª CkvemanI `cWw ImgvN sh¡pIbpw sNbvXp. DaÀ(d), Dkvam³(d) F¶n hcpsS Jnem^¯p Ime¯v CkvemanI km{amPyw hfÀ¶v hepXmhpIbpw ]ptcmKXnbpsS ]mXbn _lpZqcw apt¶dpIbpw sNbvXp. a¡m apivcn¡pIfn apkvenamIm¯hÀ C¡me¯v hfsc hncfambncp¶p. Ckvemansâ A`qX]qÀÆ amb Cu hfÀ¨bn PqX {InkvXob hn`mK§Ä hfsctbsd AkzØcmbn.
CkvemanI cmjv{S¯nsâbpw {]Øm\¯nsâbpw sFIyhpw `{ZXbpw XIÀ¡m³ Dkvam³(d)hnsâ Ime¯v Xs¶ AhÀ IpX{´§Ä sa\ªp XpS§n. cmjv{Sob iàn XIÀ¡pIbmbncp¶p BZys¯ ]²Xn. Iq^, _kzd, CuPn]vXv XpS§nb ]pXnb CkvemanI tI{µ§fn CkvemanI \mahpw thjhpw [cn¨v i{Xp¡Ä \nKqV {]hÀ¯\§fn  hym]rXcmbn. _kzdbn C¯cw {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v XpS¡an«Xv lIoap_v\pP_eXv Fs¶mcp sImÅ¡mc\mbncp¶p. Cbmsf AhnS¯s¶ XSªp \nÀ¯m³ Jeo^ D¯chn«p. AXn\nS¡v A_vZpÃmln_v\pk_Av Fs¶mcmsf PqX·mÀ apkvenw thjw sI«n¨v cwK¯v Cd¡n. Ckvemw D¯tcm¯cw hfÀ¶p ]´en¡p¶Xv I­ണ്ടt¸mgpണ്ട­mb Akqbbpw AklnjvWpXbpw aqeamWv PqX·mÀ Cbmsf cwK¯nd¡nbXv. Bib]cambn sFIyt¯msS \o§p¶ CkvemanI kaqls¯ B`y´c]cambn XIÀ¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p C_v\pk_Csâbpw Iq«cpsSbpw e£yw. apkvenwIÄ¡nSbn A\nkv emanIamb Bib§Ä {]Ncn¸n¨v Ahsc Ckveman \n¶v AIäpIsb¶ Xmbncp¶p AhÀ kzoIcn¨ amÀKw. Cukm \_n(A) JnbmaXv \mfn ho­ണ്ടpw AhXcn¡psa¶ hnizmks¯ C_v\pk_Av FXnÀ¯p kwkmcn¡m³ XpS§n. \½psS \_n(kz) aS§nhcnsöpw Cukm \_n(A) hcpsa¶pw ]dbp¶Xv apl½Zv \_nsb sIm¨m¡età F¶mbncp¶p AbmfpsS tNmZyw. \_ntbmSv IpSpw_]cambn Gähpw ASp¯ Aen(d) D­ണ്ടmbncns¡ Jnem^¯n\v A_q_IvÀ(d), DaÀ(d), Dkvam³(d) F¶nhsc XncsªSp¯Xv XoÀ¯pw sXämb \S]Snbmbnt¸mbn F¶bmÄ hmZn¨p. AÃmlp At\Iw \_namsc Cu temIt¯¡v Ab¨p. Hmtcm \_nbpw acWaSbpt¼mÄ X§fpsS Øm\¯v CamaXpw Jnem^Xpw \S¯m³ ]n³KmanIsf \ma\nÀt±iw sNbvXn«mWv acWaSªn«pÅXv. Ahkm\s¯ {]hmNI\pw C§s\ sNbvXn«p­ണ്ടv. Xsâ acpaI³ Aen(d)hns\ kz´w ]n³Kmanbmbn \ma\nÀt±iw sNbvXn«mWv \_n(kz) \s½ hn«p]ncnªXv. F¶n«v Aensb Xgªv `cWw X«nsbSp¯hsc¡mÄ A{IanIÄ BcmWpÅXv? AbmÄ ]dbm³ XpS§n. Bib]cambn C¯cw Ip{]NcW§Ä \S¯p¶tXmsSm¸w Xs¶ cmjv{Sobambn ]e IpX{´§fpw CbmÄ {]tbmKn¨p.
CkvemanI km{amPy¯nsâ hnhn[`mK§fnte¡v A\pbmbn hrµs¯ hn«v ]e CkvemanI {]hniyIfnepw Ipg¸amsW¶v CbmÄ {]Ncn¸n¨p. sNÃpt¶Ss¯ms¡ X§Ä Ckvzemlo {]hÀ¯IcmsW¶v C_v\pk_Dw Iq«pImcpw AhImis¸«p. \ÃXv D]tZin¡pIbpw No¯ hntcm[n¡pIbpw am{XamWv X§fpsS e£ysa¶v BfpIsf [cn¸n¡m³ ChÀ {ian¨p. Dkvam³(d) \nban¨ KhÀ®Àamcn ]ecpw AgnaXn¡mcpw kzP\]£]mXnIfpamsW¶v kzlm_n hcy·msct¸mepw sXän²cn¸n¡m³ AhÀ {ian¨p. Ahkm\w AhÀ Iem]¯n\v Hcp§n. Jeo^ Dkvam³(d)s\ AhÀ ho«n D]tcm[n¨p. Ccp]¯nc­ണ്ടv Znhks¯ \oണ്ട­ D]tcm[¯n\v tijw AhÀ At±ls¯ h[n¨p. Iem]ImcnIfpsS Iq«¯n apl½Zv_v\p A_olpssZ^bpw, apl½Zv_v\p A_o_Ivdpw Dണ്ട­mbncp¶p. Dkvam³(d)sâ h[t¯msS CkvemamIp¶ AlvepÊp¶¯nhÂPamA ¯n cmjv{Sobambpw Bib]cambpw `n¶n¸nsâ hnjhn¯v ]mIn ¡gnªp.
`n¶X cmjv{Sob¯nÂ
C_v\pk_Csâ t\XrXz¯nepÅ Iem]ImcnIÄ hnX¨ `n¶n¸nsâ hnjhn¯v apf¨v s]m§nbtXmsS Aen(d)hnsâ Jnem^¯v Ime¯v CkvemanI kaqlw cmjv{Sobambn `n¶tNcnIfmbn hgn]ncnªp ]ckv]cw t]mcmSn. At¸mgpw Bib]cambn AhscÃmw kp¶¯v PamA¯nsâ ]mXbneqsS¯s¶bmbncp¶p Ncn¨ncp¶Xv. Dkvam³(d)sâ LmXIsc ]nSnIqSn in£n¡p¶Xv hsc Aen(d)hnsâ Jnem^¯v AwKoIcn¡pI bnsö \ne]mSmbncp¶p kndnbbnse KhÀ®cmbncp¶ apBhnb(d) kzoIcn¨Xv. kzn^v^o³ acp`qanbn h¨v Aen(d)hnsâbpw apBhnb(d) hnsâbpw ssk\y§Ä ]ckv]cw Gäpap«n.
apBhnb(d)hnsâ ]£w ]cmPb¯nsâ h¡nse¯nbt¸mÄ AhÀ Hcp X{´w {]tbmKn¨p. JpÀBsâ tIm¸n Ip´¯n DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨psImണ്ട­v AhÀ hnfn¨p]dªp. JpÀB³ A\pkcn¨v \ap¡v XÀ¡§Ä XoÀ¡mw. DSs\ Aen ]£s¯ ]«mf¡mÀ bp²w \nÀ¯n. `mhn]cn]mSnIÄ a²yØ·mcpsS XoÀ¸n\p hn«p. Aen ]£¯v \n¶v A_q aqkÂAivAcn(d)hnt\bpw apBhnb ]£¯v \n¶v Awdp_v\pÂBkzn(d) hnt\bpw a[yØcmbn \nÝbn¨p. Gsd IqSnbmtemN\IÄ¡v tijw Aen(d)hns\bpw apBhnb(d)hns\bpw Jeo^ Øm\¯v \n¶v \o¡n ]pXpXmbn Hcmsf XncsªSp¡m³ CcpIq«cpw Xocpam\ambn. Xocpam\w BZyw {]Jym]n¡m³ Awdv(d) A_qaqk(d)hnt\mSv Bhiys¸«p. AX\pkcn¨v At±lw kZkycpsS ap¼msI {]Jym]n¨p: P\§sf! kapZmb¯nsâ s]mXp XmÂ]cytamÀ¯v Aensbbpw apBhnbsbbpw Jnem^¯v ]Zhnbn \n¶pw \o¡w sN¿m³ R§Ä Xocpam\n¨ncn¡p IbmWv. Cu Xocpam\a\pkcn¨v Rm³ Aensb \o¡nbXmbn {]Jym]n¡p¶p. DSs\ Awdv(d) Fgpt¶äp]dªp: P\§sf, A _qaqk(d) Xsâ kzmln_ns\ Jeo^ Øm\¯v \n¶v \o¡nbXmbn At±lw {]kvXmhn¨Xv \n§Ä tI«phtÃm?. Rm\pw At±ls¯ \o¡w sN¿p¶p. F¶m apBhnbsb Rm³ Jeo^ Øm\¯v Øncs¸Sp¯p¶p.
CXv tI« kZÊv \Sp§nt¸mbn. CXns\ t\cnSm³ F´phgn? ]ecpsSbpw Nn´ ]ehgn¡v \o§n. Aen(d)hns\ hsfsctbsd kvt\ln¨ncp¶ Xsâ ]£¡mcn Hcp Iq«À a²yØ Xocpam\w kzoIcn¡m³ Iq«m¡nbnÃ. AhÀ Hcp ]pXnb kn²m´hpambmWv cwK¯v h¶Xv. ]´ocmbnct¯mfw hcp¶ B h³ kwLw ldqdmAv F¶ Øe¯v kt½fn¨v X§fpsS ]pXnb Nn´mKXn¡v cq]w \ÂIn. AÃmlphnsâ hn[n a\pjycpsS lnXa\pkcn¨v Xocpam\n¡m³ hn«psImSp¡pI hgn Aen(d)hpw apBhnb(d)hpw Iടു¯ sXäp sNbvXpsh¶v ChÀ Btcm]n¨p. Chsc D]tZin¡m³ Aen(d) C_v\p Aºmkv(d)hns\ \ntbmKn¨p. ]ecpw tJZn¨paS§n. F¶m NneÀ X§fpsS ]pXnb hmZKXnIfn Dd¨p\n¶p. Chsc kp¶¯v PamA¯n \n¶pw ]pd¯v t]mbhÀ F¶ AÀY¯n JhmcnPv F¶v hnfn¨p h¶p.
JhmcnPpw AhcpsS kn²m´§fpw
Aen(d)hnt\mSv {]tXyI kvt\lw sh¨p ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ Hcp hn`mKw A_q_IvÀ kn±oJv(d)hnsâ Imew sXm«pXs¶bp­mbncp¶p. Chcn apXseSp¸v cmjv{Sobw Ifn¡m\mWv C_v\pk_Dw, A\pbmbnIfpw {ian¨Xv. Chsc ioAXp Aen F¶p hnfn¨ph¶p. apBhnb(d)hns¶Xncn AhÀ Aeo ]£¯v Dd¨p\n¶v t]mcmSn. aX]cambn sXämb kn²m´§sfm¶pw BZyIme¯v AhÀ¡v Dണ്ടmbncp¶nÃ. AhscÃmw Bib]cambn kp¶nIfmbncp¶p. F¶m kzn^v^o³ bp²¯n\v tijw a²yØ Xocpam\w Aen(d)hn\v FXncmbt¸mÄ ioA¯p Aenbn \n¶v hnLSn¨psIm­ണ്ടv ]pXnb kn²m´§fpambn ]pd¯pt]mbhcmWv JhmcnPv. AXvsIm­vണ്ടv CkvemanI kaql¯n Bib hyXn bm\¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn¨hÀ JhmcnPpIfmsW¶v ]dbmw.
AhcpsS kn²m´§Ä C§s\ kw{Kln¡mw: Aen XncsªSp¡s¸« Jeo^bmWv. At±lt¯mSv kapZmbw A\pkcW {]XnÚ FSp¯n«pണ്ട­v. AXv ewLn¡p¶Xv h³ IpäamWv. h³ Ipäw sN¿p¶hÀ AhnizmknIfmWv. apBhnb apkvenwIfpsS Jeo^s¡Xnsc bp²w \bn¡pIbmWp­ണ്ടmbXv. hmkvXh¯n CXv AÃmlphn\pw dkqen\p saXnscbpÅ bp²amWv. C¯c¡mÀ¡v \ÂtIണ്ട­ in£ JpÀB\n hyàambn ]dªn«pണ്ട­v. A§s\ JpÀB\n hyàambn¸dª hn[nIÄ a²yØ·mcpsS Xocpam\ ¯n\v hn«psImSp¡pIsb¶Xnsâ AÀYw JpÀBsâ hn[nIfn CjvSm\pkcWw amäw hcp¯m³ a\pjysc A\phZn¡pI F¶XmWv. CXv XoÀ¯pw Ip^vcn¿¯mWv. AÃm lphn\ÃmsX aämÀ¡pw Hcp hn[nbpw IÂ]n¡m\[nImcanÃ. Cu \ne¡v apBhnb am{Xaà Aenbpw Ip^vcn¿¯mWv {]hÀ¯n¨Xv. AXvsImണ്ട­v cണ്ടpt]scbpw h[nt¡ണ്ട­Xv CkvemanI _m²yXbmWv. C§s\ t]mIp¶p JhmcnPpIfpsS hnNn{Xamb hmZKXn. JpÀB\nse Xmsg ]dbp¶ Bb¯pIfmWv AhÀ sXfnhmbp²cn¡p¶Xv. kqd¯p amCZbnse 33mw kqàw ]dbp¶p: AÃmlphnt\mSpw, Ahsâ ZqXt\mSpw bp²w sN¿p Ibpw `qanbn Ipg¸w D­m¡m³ {ian¡pIbpw sN¿p¶hÀ¡pÅ in£ h[n¡s¸SpItbm {Iqin¡s¸SpItbm ssIImepIÄ hn]coXambn tOZn¡s¸SpIsbm \mSpIS¯s¸SpItbm BWv (5:32). CXn\pw ]pdsa kqd¯p A³Banse 57mw kqàhpw AhÀ X§fpsS hmZ§Ä¡v sXfnhmbn D²cn¨p. C\nÂlpIvap CÃmenÃmlv, hn[nXoÀ¸n\pÅ kIe A[nImc§fpw AÃmlphn\v am{XamWv.
\lvdphm³ bp²¯n Ht«sd JhmcnPpIÄ sImÃs¸«p. ]¶oSv AhÀ kt½fn¨v Aen (d), apBhnb(d), Awdp_v\p Bkzv(d) XpS§nbhsc h[n¡m³ KqV ]²XnIÄ BhnjvIcn¨p. CXn A_vZpdlvam³ F¶ JhmcnPv, kzp_vln \nkvImc¯n\v ]pds¸« Aen(d)hns\ Hfnªncp¶p h[n¨p. apBhnb(d)hnsâbpw Awdv(d)hnsâbpw LmXIÀ X§fpsS DZya¯n hnPbn¨nÃ.
JhmcnPnsâ hnizmk Xo{hX FSp¯p]dtbണ്ട­XmWv. X§fpsS hnizmk¯nsâ hnPb¯n\v thണ്ട­n F´v XymKhpw kln¡m³ Hcp§n ¸pds¸« Hcp NmthÀ kwLambpcp¶p AhÀ. l{k¯v Aen(d)hnsâ h[¯n\p tijw apBhnb(d) Jeo^bmbt¸mÄ kÀÆ iànbpw D]tbmKn¨v AhÀ At±ls¯ FXnÀ¯p. JhmcnPpIfpsS t\Xmhmb ^ÀhXp_v\p\u^ Aªqdp t]cS§p¶ Hcp ssk\yhpambn apBhnb(d) hns\ t\cn«p. \Joebn sh¨v ChtcmsSXnÀ¯ kndnb³ ssk\yw ]cmPb¯nsâ cpNnbdnªp. hnizmkw D¶Xambn¡cpXnb AhÀ¡v acWw {]iv\aÃmbncp¶p.
AhcpsS hgn]ng¨ Nn´IÄ {][m\ambpw cണ്ട­mWv. H¶v, AÃmlphn\ÃmsX hn[n¡[nImcanÃ. Zpcpt±iyt¯msS \S¯nb kXy {]kvXmh\sb¶mWv CXns\¡pdn¨v Aen(d) {]kvXmhn¨Xv. h³Ipäw sN¿p¶hÀ AtXmSpIqSn AhnizmknIfmbn¯ocpsa¶mWv AhcpsS cണ്ട­mas¯ hmZw. \m^nAv_v\p AkvdJmWv Cu hmZKXn¡v {]Nmcw \ÂIn bXv. CbmfpsS A\pbmbnIsf AkmcJn F¶v hnfn¡p¶p. asämcp JhmcnPv hn`mKw hmJn^n¿ F¶ t]cnemWv Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. AhÀ h³ Ipäw sN¿p¶hsc Ahnizmkn Ifmbn ap{ZIp¯msX AhcpsS Imcy¯n XoÀ¸v I¸n¡p¶Xv AÃmlphn¦te¡v amänsh¨p.
JhmcnPnsâ Ahm´c hn`mK§sf Ipdn¨v bam\p_v\p d_m_v F¶ JmcnPv Hcp {KÙw cNn¨n«p­ണ്ടv. apl¡na, ldqdn¿, AkvJcn¿, \PvZn¿ XpS§nb JmcnPo hn`mK§sf ¡p dn¨v Cu {KÙ¯n {]Xn]mZn¨n«p­ണ്ടv. C¶v JmcnPnIÄ temI¯v hfsc IpdhmWv. Ah cpsS hyXnbm\ Nn´IÄ ISsaSp¯ Nne ]pXnb {]Øm\§sf C¡me¯v ImWm³ km[n¡p¶p. F¶m JmcnPnIfnÂs]« C_mfnIÄ C¶pw D­ണ്ടv. Ham\nepw km³kn _mdnepw AhÀ KWyamb iànbmWv. sskZp_v\p C_mfnsâXmbn Adnbs¸Sp¶ C_mfn aZvl_mWv ChÀ ]n´pScp¶Xv.
ioCkhpw hyXnbm\ Nn´Ifpw
Caman¿:
sskZn¿:
ZpdqknIÄ
t_mdIÄ
C_mln¿:
Alvep lJv
AehnIÄ
BKmJm\nIÄ
IÀ_e
X½n t`Zw
Jpssa\n
Aen(d)hnsâ Jnem^¯n\v ap¼v Xs¶ At±lt¯mSv {]tXyI kvt\lmZchpIÄ sh¨p]peÀ¯nbncp¶ Hcp hn`mKw CkvemanI kaql¯nepണ്ട­mbncp¶p. ChcpsS Cu BZchns\ sXämb \nebn NqjWw sN¿m\mbncp¶p C_v\p k_Dw Iq«cpw {ian¨p t]m¶ncp¶Xv. Dkvam³(d)hnsâ h[t¯msS CkvemanI kaql¯n cmjv{Sobamb `n¶n¸v Bcw`n¨p. `qcn]£w apkvenwIfpw Aen(d)hnsâ Jnem^¯v AwKoIcn¨psh¦nepw apBhnb(d)hpw kndnb¡mcpw hnLSnX {]Xn]£ambn \nesImണ്ട­p. Aeo]£s¯ ioA¯p Aen F¶pw apBhnb ]£s¯ ioA¯p apBhnb F¶pw hnfn¨p. kzn^v^o³ bp²¯n\p tijap­ണ്ടm¡nb a²yØ Icmdnsâ {]Jym]\t¯msS ioA¯p Aen `n¶n¨v JhmcnPv F¶ thsdmcp hn`mKhpw IqSn Dണ്ട­mbn. Aen(d) h[n¡s¸«tXmsS B[n]Xyw apBhnb(d)hn\mhpIbpw, Jnem^¯v ]n¶oSv At±l¯nsâ ]n³KmanIfpsS IpSpw_m[n]XyamhpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS apkvenw _lpP\§Ä¡v ]ns¶ Ahsc \ncp]m[nIw ]n´pWt¡ണ്ട­nh¶p. AtXmsS ioA¯p apBhnb F¶ t]cv CÃmXmbn. ioA¯p Aen am{Xw Ahtijn¨p. ]n¶oSv AXv tem]n¨v shdpw inb am{Xambn. ioA¯v F¶Xv Ad_n hm¡mWv. I£n, ]mÀ«n Fs¶ms¡bmWÀYw. C_v\p k_Av ]e sXämb kn²m´§fpw {]Ncn¸n¨ncp¶psh¦nepw BZy Ime¯v inbm¡Ä A¯cw sXämb Nn´mKXnIsfm¶pw DÄs¡mണ്ട­ncp¶nÃ. Aahn `cW¯n\p Iogn {Iqcamb aÀ±\§fpw \nc´camb AhKW\Ifpw klnt¡ണ്ടn h¶t¸mgmWv ChÀ kp¶¯v PamA¯n \n¶pw ]pd¯v t]mbn Ckveman\v Xs¶ \nc¡m¯ hnizmk§fpw BNmc§fpw {]tbmK¯n sImണ്ട­phcm³ XpS§nbXv.
Aen(d)hns\ kw_Ôn¨v At±lhpw Ckvemapw CjvSs¸Sm¯ Imcy§fmWv AhÀ {]Ncn¸n¨Xv. AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNI\mb Cukm \_n(A)s\ ssZh]p{X\msW¶v {InkvXym\nIÄ hnfn¨Xv t]mse Chcpw Aen(d)hnt\mSpÅ AanX kvt\l¯m At±l¯n ]e A\mhiy ]ZhnIfpw Btcm]n¨p XpS§n.
Nne lZokpIÄ hymJym\w sNbvXv Aen(d)hn\v BZys¯ aq¶v Jeo^amsc¡mfpw t{ijvSXbpsണ്ട­¶pw \_n(kz)¡v tijw CkvemanI kaql¯nsâ Cama¯pw Jnem^¯pw Aen(d)hn\pw IpSpw_¯n\pw am{Xw AÀlXs¸«XmsW¶pw BZys¯ aq¶v Jeo^amcpw AXv X«nsbSp ¡pIbmWv sNbvXsX¶pw AhÀ hmZn¨p. Aentb, aqkm \_n¡v lmdq³ t]msebmWv Xm¦sf\n¡v, F¶m Fsâ tijw \_nbnà F¶ lZokpw Aen Fsâ ktlmZc\pw Fsâ ImcyØ\pw Fsâ ]n³KmanbpamWv, \n§Ä At±ls¯ A\pkcn¡Ww F¶ lZokpw \n§Ä Alvepss_Xns\ ]n´pScWsa¶ lZokpsams¡ X§fpsS hmZ§Ä¡v sXfnhpIfmbn inbm¡Ä D²cn¡m³ XpS§n.
Aen(d)hnsâ acWw hsc inb aX]cambn A]ISIc§fmb `n¶ ho£W§sfm¶pw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶nÃ. F¶m ]n¶oSv AhÀ ]e hnNn{X hmZ§fpw sXmSp¯phn«p. Aen(d) \_nbpsS hkzn¿mWv, AXmbXv \_n¡v tijw CkvemanI kaql¯nsâ Bßobhpw `uXnIhpamb t\XrXzw Aenbnepw ]n¶oSv At±l¯nsâ IpSpw_ ]c¼cbnepamsW¶v \_n(kz) hkzn¿¯v sNbvXn«p­ണ്ടv, F¶mWv {][m\ambpw Ahcp¶bn¨ hmZw. CXnsâ ASnØm\¯n AhÀ A_q_IvÀ(d), DaÀ(d), Dkvam³(d) F¶o Jeo^amsc XÅn¸dªp.
]t£, CXn\v Ncn{X]camb asämcp ImcWw IqSnbpണ്ട­mbncp¶p. Aen(d) acWs¸«tXmsS CdmJpImÀ At±l¯nsâ aq¯ aI³ lk³(d)hns\ Jeo^bmbn Ahtcm[n¨p. F¶m apkvenwIfpsS càw Nn´p¶Xv CjvSs¸SmXncp¶ At±lw CkvemanssIIyw \ne\nÀ¯m³ Øm\w Hgnªp. `cWw apBhnb(d)hn\v hn«psImSp¯p. AtXmsS _\q Da¿¯v AP¿ iànbmbn. AhÀ lminanItfmSv ISp¯ {IqcX ImWn¨ph¶p. lk³(d) kwibIcamb kmlNcy¯n acWs¸SpIbpw IÀ_ebn Aen(d)hnsâ c­ണ്ടmas¯ aI³ lpssk³(d)hpw At±l¯nsâ sNdnb A\pbmbn hrµhpw Iq«s¡me sN¿s¸SpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS apkvenw _lpP\§Ä¡v Aen IpSpw_t¯mSv AhmNyamb A\pI¼ tXm¶n. Aen IpSpw_s¯ A[nImc¯n sImണ്ട­phcm\pÅ Xo{h bXv\§Ä \S¶p. ]et¸mgpw Cu {ia§Ä ]cmPb¯n Iemins¨¦nepw, Nne {]hniyIfn Cu ]£w A[nImc¯nse¯pIbpണ്ട­mbn. AhnS§fn A[nImcw D]tbmKn¨v AhÀ ioCkw \S¸m¡n. Nne AahnIÄ JpXzp_bn t]mepw Aen(d)hn\v eAv\¯v sNmÃpambncp¶s{X. AXn\v Xncn¨Snbmbn BZys¯ aq¶v Jeo^amcpsS t]cn Nne ioCIfpw {]XnImcw ho«n.
apkvenw kapZmb¯nse AÀlcmb BÀ¡pw CkvemanI Jeo^bmImsa¶v kp¶nIÄ k½Xn¡pt¼mÄ ]n³KmanXzw Aen IpSpw_¯n ]cnanXamsW¶v inbm¡Ä hnizkn¡p¶p.
inbm¡fnse Ahm´c hn`mK§Ä
1. Caman¿:
]e hn`mK§fnembn temI apkvenwIfn 15 tImSntbmfw inbm¡fpണ്ട­v. ChÀ hyXykvX hn`mK§fmbn hnLSn¨v ]eXcw t]cpIfnemWv C¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. Cu hn`mK§fn IqSpX {]NmcapÅXv Caman¿ hn`mKamWv. Caman¿ hn`mKw ]n¡me¯v Ckv\m Aivcn¿, CkvamCuen¿ F¶o hn`mK§fmbn thÀ]ncnªp. Cdm\nse apkvenwIfn _lp`pcn`mKhpw inbm¡fmWv. Ahcn `qcn]£hpw Ckv\mAivcn hn`mK¯n s]«hcmWv. AhcpsS hmZ§Ä C§s\ kw{Kln¡mw: \_n(kz) acn¡p¶Xn¶v ap¼v Xs¶ kz´w ]n³Kmanbpw kapZmb¯nsâ Camapw Bbn, Xsâ aIfpsS `À¯mhmb Aen(d)hns\ \nÀt±in¨n«pണ്ട­v. Aen(d)hnsâ k´m\]c¼cbn s]« ]{´­v CamapIfn hnizkn¡Â CkvemanIambn \nÀ_ÔamWv.
a\pjy\pw ssZhhpambpÅ _Ôw Øm]n¡m\pÅ hkoe(am[yaw)bmWv CamapIÄ. \_namÀ¡v apAvPnk¯pÅ t]mse CamapIÄ¡v Idma¯v(AXnam\pj kn²n) Ds­¶v AhÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. A¼nbmCsâ apAvPnkm¯v acWm\´chpw \ne\n¡p¶Xv t]mse CamapIfpsS Idma¯pw AhcpsS acW tijw \ne\n¡pw. CamapIÄ¡v AÃmlphn \n¶v CÂlmav (AXo{µob Úm\w) e`n¡pw. Cu CÂlmw A\pkcn¨mbncn¡pw AhÀ icoA¯v \nba§sf hymJym\n¡pI. AhcpsS hymJym\§sf tNmZyw sN¿msX A\pkcn¡Â apkvenwIfpsS _m²yXbs{X. A¼nbm¡Ä aAvkzqapIfmb t]mse CamapIÄ alv^qfpIfmWv. AhÀ¡v A{]amZnXzap­ണ്ടv.
A©p Ckvemw Imcy§sf ChÀ F®p¶Xv C{]ImcamWv: 1. \nkvImcw 2. kIm¯v. 3. t\m¼v 4. lÖv 5. hnemb¯v. A©pt\cs¯ _m¦phnfnbn hnemb¯nsâ {]Jym]\w IqSn AhÀ DÄs¸Sp¯p¶pണ്ട­v. AivlZpA¶apl½ZÀdkqepÃm: F¶Xnt\msSm¸w AivlZpA¶Aen¿³ -hen¿pÃm: F¶p IqSn AhÀ Iq«n¸dbp¶p.
{]XnIqe kmlNcy§fn ioCu hnizmk§Ä aäpÅhcn \n¶v ad¨v ]nSn¨v kp¶nbmbn A`n\bn¨v \S¡p¶Xn\v inbm¡Ä¡v hntcm[anÃ. CXns\ AhÀ aX¯nsâ kmt¦XnI `mjbn XJn¿v F¶v ]dbp¶p. Aen(d) C§s\ XJn¿v F¶ X{´w kzoIcn¨mWv CjvSanÃmªn«pw BZyw Jeo^amcpambn ss_A¯v sNbvXv kam[m\]cambn Pohn¨sX¶mWv ChcpsS hmZw. Hcp \nÝnX XpI \ÂIn \S¯p¶ XmÂImenI hnhmlw ChÀ¡v A\phZ\obamWv. CXns\ AhÀ apXvAXv hnhmlw F¶v ]dbp¶p. Camw PA^dpÊzmZnJv(d)hnsâ aZvl_mWv X§Ä ]n´pScp¶sX¶v AhÀ AhImis¸Sp¶p. AXvsImണ്ട­v Ahsc PAv^cn¿ F¶v IqSn hnfn¡mdp­ണ്ടv. apldw amk¯nse BZys¯ ]¯p Znhk§Ä AhÀ Zp­xJmNcW Zn\§fmbn BNcn¡p¶p. IÀ_ebn Camw lpssk³(d) sImÃs¸«Xnsâ A\pkvacWambn«mWv AhÀ Cu ZpxJmNcWw \S¯p¶Xv. CXhÀ¡v aXm\pjvTm\§fpsS `mKamWv.
A©pt\cs¯ \nkvImcw km[mcWKXnbn Xs¶ PwB¡n \nÀÆln¡p¶Xn\v ChÀ¡v hntcm[anÃ. CkvemanI kÀ¡mdptÅSt¯ ChÀ¡v PpapA: \nÀ_ÔapÅp. AÃm¯ cmPy§fn PpapA: km[phsömWv ChcpsS hnizmkw.
Xmsg ]dbp¶hcmWv Ckv\mAivcnhn`mKw inbm¡Ä hnizkn¡p¶ CamapIÄ: 1)Camw Aen(d) 2)lk³(d) 3) lpssk³(d) 4)ssk\pÂB_nZo³(d) 5)apl½Zv_mJnÀ 6)PA^dpÊzmZnJv 7)aqk Jmfnw 8)Aen¿pcnfm 9)apl½Zv XJn 10)apl½Zv \Jn 11) lk\p AkvIcn 12)A_qJmknw.
Chcn 12mas¯ Camamb apl½Zv A_qJmknw Ct¸mgpw Pohn¨ncn¸pണ്ട­v. Bt±lw Hfn¨ncn¡pIbmWv. temImhkm\w At±lw `qanbn {]Xy£s¸«v CkvemanI `cWw Imgv Nsh¡p¶XmWv. Ct±lamWv Camw alvZn. Ct±lw hcp¶Xv hscbpÅ Ime¯v At±l¯nsâ {]Xn\n[nIfmbn«mWv kaImenI CamapIÄ `cWw \S¯pI. Chsc Bb¯p Ãm: F¶v ]dbp¶p.
\_nbpw CamapIfmbn F®s¸« ]Xns\m¶v t]cpw AhcpsS {]XntbmKnIfmbn inbm¡Ä hntijn¸n¡p¶ BZys¯ aq¶v Jeo^amcpw apBhnb(d), bkoZv(d) XpS§nb hcpw ]{´­mas¯ Camamb alvZnbpsS `cW Ime¯v AXmbXv temIm´y \mfpIfn ]p\cpÖohn¡ s¸Sp¶XmsW¶v Ckv\m AivcnIÄ hnizkn¡p¶p. F¶n«v {]XntbmKnIsf P\§fpsS ap¼msI in£n¨v hoണ്ട­pw acn¸n¡p¶XmWs{X. CXn\v tijta Jnbma¯v \mÄ kw`hn¡pIbpÅpsh¶mWv AhcpsS hnizmkw.
kp¶nIsft¸mse ChcpsSbpw {]amW§Ä JpÀB³, lZokv, CPvamAv, Jnbmkv F¶nh Xs¶. aZvl_v hnizkn¡Â ChÀ¡v \nÀ_ÔamWv. Ckv\m Aivco hn`mKw PAv^cn aZvl_mWv ]n´pScp¶Xv. X§fpsS Bdmas¯ Camamb PAv^dpÊzmZnJmWv Cu aZvl_nsâ Øm]I³ F¶mWv AhÀ AhImis¸Sp¶Xv. lnPvd 83 At±lw aZo\bn  P\n¨p. Camw apl½Zv _mJndmWv ]nXmhv. Camw A_ql\o^(d) Ct±l¯nsâ in jy\mWv. aZo\ tI{µam¡nbpw CdmJv XpS§nb \mSpIfn k©cn¨pw At±lw ZÀkv \S¯n. Ct±lw Hcp sshZyimkv{XÚ\pw IqSnbmbncp¶p. Aºmkn `cWm[nImcn a³kzqÀ At±ls¯ XShnem¡n. Camans\ hnjw sImSp¯p sImÃm³ a³kzqÀ clky \nÀt±iw \ÂIpIbp­mbn. lnPvd 148 iÆm 25\v aZo\bn h¨v At±lw càkm£nbmbn.
kp¶nIfn \n¶v hyXykvXamb lZokv {KÙ§fmWv inbm¡Ä kzoIcn¨phcp¶Xv. Alepss_¯n\v ]pd¯pÅ kzlm_namÀ \nthZ\w sN¿p¶ lZokpIsfm¶pw AhÀ¡v kzoImcyaÃ. kp¶nIfpsS kznlmlpÊn¯ AhÀ AwKoIcn¡p¶nÃ. ]Icw thsd A©v lZokv {KÙ§fmWv AhcpsS {]amW§Ä. InXm_pÂIm^n, a³embkvXlvkzndÂ^Jolv, XlvZo_v, CkvXn_vkzmÀ, \lvPp _emK F¶nhbmWh. Chbn \lv PpÂ_emK Aen(d)hnsâ {]`mjW§fpsS kamlcamWv.
Camw PAv^dpÊzmZnJn\ptijw Cama¯v BÀ¡v F¶ Imcy¯n XÀ¡n¨psIm­ണ്ടv Caman¿ hn`mKw ]nfÀ¶p. CkvamCuen¿ F¶ asämcp I£n DSseSp¯p. _mXzn\nIÄ F¶ t]cnepw ChÀ Adnbs¸Sp¶p. CkvamCuen¿ I£nbpsS CamapIÄ cwK¯v \n¶v adªncn¡p¶hcmsW¶mWv AhcpsS hnizmkw. AhÀ¡v thണ്ട­n AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIfmWv `cWw \S¯pI. Ckv\mAivcoIÄ aqk Imfnans\ Ggmas¯ Camambn AwKoIcn¡pt¼mÄ CkvamCuenIÄ PAv^dp_v\pÊzmZnJnsâ aq¯ ]p{X\mb apl½Znsâ aI³ CkvamCuen s\bmWv Camambn AwKoIcn¨p hcp¶Xv. Ckv\mAivcnIÄ AhcpsS CamapIÄ¡v \_namcpsS sXm«Sp¯ Øm\w \ÂIpt¼mÄ CkvamCuenIÄ AhcpsS CamapIÄ¡v ZnhyXzw t]mepw NmÀ¯p¶p­ണ്ടv. skmdmkv{SobÀ XpS§nb aX§fn \n¶v ]e kn²m´§fpw kzoIcn¨p sIm­ണ്ടv Ckveman \n¶v Gsd AI¶ hn`mKamWv ChÀ. ]m¡nØm³, t_mws_, e_\m³, kndnb F¶nhnS§fn CkvamCuenIÄ [mcmfapണ്ട­v. `qan imkv{X]cambn temI¯v FÃmbnS¯pw ChÀ hym]n¨pInS¡p¶p. F¶m Cdm³, CdmJv, sNNv\nb XpS§nb \mSpIfn _lp`qcn]£hpw Ckv\mAivcoIfmWv. Jpssa\nbpw Jman\nbpsams¡ ChcpsS Bßob t\Xm¡fmWv. {InkvXob aX¯nse¶t]mse inbm¡fnse FÃm hn`mK§fpw ]utcmlnXy ¯ne[njvTnXamWv. Xmsg¡nSbnepÅ Bßob t\Xmhns\ AhÀ ssisJ¶v hnfn¡p¶p. AXn\p aosXbmWv ssiJp Ckvemw. ]n¶oSv lpÖ¯p Ckvemw, AXn\v aosX Bb¯pÅ. Jpssa\n Bb¯pÅ, dqlpÃm F¶o ]ZhnIfmWv Ae¦cn¨ncp¶Xv. CXv It¯men¡m aX¯nse {]oÌv, _nj¸v, IÀ±n\mÄ, t]m¸v F¶o \nebnepÅ Hcp dneoPykv lbdmÀ¡nbmWv. ldmans\ lemem¡m\pw adn¨pw Bb¯pÅmamÀ¡v t]m¸ns\ t]mse¯s¶ A[nImcaps­ണ്ട¶v iobm¡Ä hnizkn¡p¶p. Ckv\mAivco hn`mKw XmcXtays\ Ckvemant\mSv ASp¯p \n¡pt¼mÄ CkvamCuenIfpw Ahcnse Ahm´c hn`mK§fpw Ckveman \n¶pw _lpZqcw AI¶hcmWv. ZdqknIÄ, BKmJm\nIÄ, t_mdIÄ XpS§n CkvamCuenIÄ¡v Ht«sd Ahm´c hn`mK§fp­ണ്ടv. t]cpsImണ്ട­v am{Xsa Chscsbms¡ Ckvemw KW¯n DÄs¸Sp¯m³ H¡pIbpÅp.
Ckv\mAivco hn`mKw BZyIme Jpe^mCs\ Bt£]n¡mdnÃ. X§fpsS CamapIfpsS t]cpIÄ¡v tijw AhÀ AsselnÊemw ]dbpI ]XnhmsW¦nepw A_p_IvÀ(d) XpS§nb Jeo^amcpsSbpw ]e {]apJ kzlm_namcpsSbpw t]cpIÄ tI«m H¶pw ]dbmsX au\w ]men¡pIbmWv ChÀ sNbvXphcp¶Xv. CuPn]vXnse ssiJv iÂcqXv Hcp ^Xvhbn Ckv\mAivco hn`mKs¯ apkvenwIfmbn AwKoIcn¨n«p­ണ്ടv. AhcpsS ^nJvlns\ A©mas¯ aZvl_mbpw At±lw AwKoIcn¡p¶p.
2. sskZn¿:
CXv t]mse inbm¡fnse asämcp hn`mKamb sskZn¿sbbpw kp¶nIÄ apkvenwIfmbn AwKoIcn¨phcp¶p. Camw lpssk³(d)hnsâ ]p{X\mb ssk\p B_nZo³(d)hnsâ ]p{X\mb sskZv(d)hnsâ aZvl_mWv X§Ä ]n´pScp¶sX¶mWv sskZn¿ hn`mKw inbm¡Ä AhImis¸Sp¶Xv. sskZv(d) alm ]WvVnX\mbncp¶psh¶ Imcy¯n kwibanÃ. apAvXknen t\Xmhmbncp¶ hmkznep_v\p AXzmAv, Camw A_ql\o^(d) XpS§bhÀ Ct±l¯nsâ injy·mcmbncp¶p. Aahn `cWm[n Imcnbmbncp¶ lnimap_v\p A_vZnÂamenInsâ ZpÀ`cWw sImണ്ട­v s]mdpXn ap«nbt¸mÄ lnPvd 122 At±lw cmjv{Sob¯nend§n. Iq^¡mcmb inbm¡Ä At±l¯n\v ]n´pW {]Jym]n¨psImണ്ട­v apt¶m«ph¶p. F¶m bp²¡f¯n Gäpapt«­ണ്ട L«sa¯nbt¸mÄ AhÀ At±lt¯mSv A_q_IvÀ(d), DaÀ(d), Dkvam³(d) F¶nhsc \nµn¨v kwkmcn¡m³ B hiys¸«p. AXn\v At±lw Iq«m¡nbnÃ. At¸mÄ AhÀ At±ls¯ Is¿mgn¨p. At±lw thZ\tbmsS AhtcmSv ]dªp: d^fvXpaq\o, At¿m, \n§sfs¶ Is¿mgn¨phtÃ! C§s\bmWv ioCIÄ¡v dm^nfpIÄ F¶ t]À h¶Xv. dm^nfpIÄ Jpe^mDÀdminZpIfn Aen(d) Hgn¨pÅhsc i]n¡p¶hcmWv. F¶m sskZnIÄ Gähpw anXhmZnIfmb inbm¡fmWv. AhÀ Jpe^mDÀdminZpIfn Bscbpw Bt£]n¡p¶nÃ. ba\nse inbm¡Ä sskZnIfmWv. im^nCu aZvl_nt\mSv henb A´canÃm¯ aZvl_mWv sskZn¿. ioCIfn Ckveman \n¶v AIem¯ hn`mKamWv Chsc¶v ]dbmw. Ckv\mAivcoIfpambn sskZv(d)hnsâ Ime¯v Xs¶ ChÀ sXän¸ncnªp. AhcpsS XJn¿v hnizmkw sXämsW¶v sskZnIÄ ]dªp. CamapIÄ ]m]apàcmsW¶ hnizmkhpw ChÀ¡nÃ. sskZnsâ ^XvhIfpsS kamlcamWv AÂaPvaqDv. sskZn¿m IÀ½ imkv{X¯nsâ ASnØm\ambn Cu {KÙw ]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶p. F¶m Chcpw ]n ¡me¯v ]e D] hn`mK§fmbn thÀ]ncnªp. Ahcn {]apJ hn`mK§fmWv PmdqZn¿, kpsseam\n¿, lcocn¿, C_vXcn¿, bam\n¿ XpS§nbh.
3. ZpdqknIÄ
Ad_o t]cpsണ്ട­¶Xn Ihnªv Ckvemapambn ]db¯¡ Hcp _ÔhpanÃm¯ Hcp CkvamCueo {Kq¸mWv ZpdqknIÄ. lnPvd 5mw \qämണ്ടnsâ XpS¡¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ A_q A_vZnÃm apl½Zv_v\p CkvamCuepZpdqknbpsS A\pbmbnIsfbmWv ZpdqknIÄ F¶v hnfn¨p hcp¶Xv. CuPn]vXnse ^mXznan¿ `cWIqS¯nse kpÂXzm³ lmInw _n AwcnÃm ssZh¯nsâ AhXmcamsW¶v ChÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. e_\m\nemWv ZpdqknIfpÅXv. Iam Ppw_pemXv, JmenZv Ppw_pem¯v XpS§nbhÀ e_\m\n ChÀ¡v cmjv{Sob t\XrXzw \ÂIp¶p. kndnbbnepw ZpdqknIfpണ്ട­v. BsI Bdv e£t¯mfw ZpdqknIfpÅXmbn IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶p. inbm¡fn `qcn`mKhpw hnizkn¡p¶ XJn¿ kn²m´¯n Chcpw hnizkn¡p¶pണ്ട­v.
X§fpsS aX \nba§Ä km[mcW¡msc ]Tn¸n¡m³ ChÀ {ian¡mdnÃ. Úm\nIÄ F¶v hnfn¡s¸Sp¶ hn`mKw am{Xsa aX\nba§Ä ]Tnt¡ണ്ട­XpÅpsh¶mWv AhcpsS kn²m´w. aXw ]Tn¡m¯ km[mcW¡msc ChÀ ]macÀ (Pplvlmev) F¶p hnfn¡p¶p.
lmInw _n AwdnÃm BWv ChcpsS GI Cemlv. ChÀ Ct±ls¯ Bcm[n¡p¶p. lnµp¡sft¸mse, temI¯v im´nbpw kam[m\hpw \ne \nÀ¯m\pw ZpjvSsc Iogvs¸Sp¯m\pw ssZhw a\pjy\mbn `qanbn AhXcn¨psIm­ണ്ടncn¡psa¶mWv ChcpsS hnizmkw. C§s\ ssZhw BZyw BZan AhXcn¨p. ]ns¶ AenbnÂ, ]ns¶ lmInansâ ]nXmhv A_vZp Akoknepw ]ns¶ aI³ lmInanepw AhXcn¨p. k\ymkw Úm\nIfpsS _m²yXbmbn«mWv ChÀ IcpXp¶Xv. lnµp¡sft¸mse Bßm¡fpsS ]p\ÀP·¯nepw ZpdqknIÄ hnizkn¡p¶p. HcmÄ acn¨m AbmfpsS Bßmhv Hcp \hPmX iniphneqsS ho­ണ്ടpw `qanbn P\\w sImÅp¶p. Ignª P·¯n ]m]w sNbvXhÀ¡v ]p\ÀP·¯neqsS \ÃhcmIm³ CXphgn ssZhw Ahkcw \ÂIp¶psh¶v AhÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. t\m¼v, \nkvImcw XpS§nb Bcm[\m IÀ½§fn \ns¶Ãmw lmInw, X§Ä¡v hnSpXn X¶n«psണ്ട­¶mWv ChcpsS AhImihmZw.
4. t_mdIÄ
C´ybnse CkvamCuenIsf t_mdIÄ F¶v hnfn¨phcp¶p. thmtlmdq³ F¶ KpPdm¯n ]Z¯n \n¶mWv Cu t]cnsâ DÛhw. lnµp¡fpsS CSbn \n¶v Ckvemante¡v h¶ Hcp sshiy kapZmbamWv t_mdIÄ. C´y¡v ]pdsa Ing¡³ B{^n¡, audojykv F¶nhnS§fnepw t_mdIfpണ്ട­v. C´ybn ChÀ ZmhpZv_v\pJpXzp_pjmsb X§fpsS t\Xmhmbn AwKoIcn¨p. Chsc ZmhqZot_mdIÄ F¶v hnfn¡p¶p. ba\nIfn `qcn]£hpw kpsseam\p_v\plk³ F¶ t\Xmhns\ AwKoIcn¨p. Chsc kpsseam\nIÄ F¶v ]dbp¶p. Nn´I\pw Fgp¯pImc\pamb AkvKÀ Aen F©n\obÀ ZmhqZn t_mdIfnÂs¸« Hcp DÂ]XnjvWphmWv. ChcpsS Bßobt\Xmhns\ ChÀ k¿nZp\m F¶mWv hnfn¡mdpÅXv.
5. C_mln¿:
ioCIfnÂs]« Hcp hn`mKambn Chscbpw AwKoIcn¨phcmdpണ്ട­v. C_ml (kÀÆ X{´ kzX{´cmbn Pohn¡pI) F¶ ]Z¯n \n¶mWv C_mln¿bpsS DÛhw. aX \nba§sfm¶pw A\pkcn¡msX hyàn kzmX{´y¯n hnizkn¡p¶ Hcp hn`mKamWv ChÀ. hS¡³ t]Àjybn AkÀss_Pm\v kao]w ØnXn sN¿p¶ _mZv tI{µam¡n Ckvemansâ cq]`mh§Ä kzoIcn¨psImണ്ട­v {]Xy£s¸« k_vCIfpsS Ahm´c hn`mKamb AÂIdmanXm hn`mK¯n s]«hcmWnhÀ F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p.
6. Alvep lJv
ssZh¯n\v Ggp AhXmcaps­ണ്ട¶v hnizkn¡p¶ ChÀ ZpdqknIÄ, \psskcnIÄ t]msebpÅ Hcp CkvamCueo Ahm´c hn`mKamWv. Aen ssZh¯nsâ Hcp AhXmcamsW¶v ChÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. Chcpw ]p\ÀP· kn²m´¯n hnizkn¡p¶p.
7. AehnIÄ
IrkvXphÀjw 880 \ncymX\mb A_qipssl_v apl½Zv_v\psskÀ F¶bmfpsS A\pbmbnIsfbmWv AehnIÄ F¶v hnfn¨phcp¶Xv. Chsc BZyIme¯v \psskcnIÄ F¶mWv hnfn¨ncp¶Xv. CXv Hcp k¦c aXamWv. Ckvemapw {InkvXpaXhpw skmcmjv{Sob³ aXhpw lnµqbnkhpsaÃmw Aehn aX¯n kt½fn¡p¶p. kndnb, e_\m¬, XpÀ¡n F¶nhnS§fn AehnIsf ImWmw. InXm_p aPvaqAv Fs¶mcp ]pWy{KÙw AhÀ¡pണ്ട­v.
8. BKmJm\nIÄ
ioCIfnse CkvamCuen hn`mK¡mcpsS Camansâ Øm\t¸cv BKmJm³ F¶mWv. 46mas¯ Camw sXm«mWv Cu t]cv {]Nmc¯n h¶Xv. aq¶mas¯ BKmJm\mb kÀ apl½Zv jm 1877 Idm¨nbn P\n¨p. CkvamCuenIfpsS am{Xaà apkvenw kapZmb¯nsâ s]mXphmb {]iv\§fnepw kPoh XmÂ]cyw {]ISn¸n¨ At±lw BÄ C´ym apkvenweoKnsâ kap¶X\mb t\Xmhmbncp¶p. 1909 apX 1914 hsc At±lw apkvenw eoKnsâ {]knU­mbncp¶p. 1936 apkvenweoKnsâ t\XrXz¯nte¡v h¶ apl½Zen Pn¶bpw P·w sIm­ണ്ടv Hcp CkvamCuen inbbmbncp¶p.
IÀ_e
ioCks¯¡pdn¨pÅ Hcp ]T\¯n IÀ_e F¶ Øes¯bpw IÀ_e bp²s¯ bpw ]cmaÀin¡msX t]mIp¶Xv icnbmbncn¡nÃ. kXymkXy hnthNIamb _Zvdp Ip_vdm F¶ bp²¯n\v CkvemanI Ncn{X¯n apkvenwIÄ s]mXpsh I¸n¡p¶ {]m[m\ys¯¡mÄ hepXmWv ioCIÄ IÀ_em bp²¯n\v \ÂIp¶Xv. IÀ_em bp²s¯ {]iwkn¨v IhnXsbgpXnbXn\v AhÀ AÃmam CJv_mens\ Gsd BZcn¡p¶p­ണ്ടv.
\_n(kz)bpsS ]u{X\mb lpssk\p_v\p Aen(d)hpw apBhnb(d)bpsS aI\mb b koZpw X½n \S¶ bp²amWv IÀ_e bp²w. lnPvd 61 aplÀdw 10 \mWv CXv \S¶Xv. 72 t]cS§p¶ Hcp sIm¨p kwLhpambmWv k¿nZpÈplZmAv lpssk\p_v\p Aen(d) bkoZnsâ h³ ssk\ys¯ t\cn«Xv. IÀ_ebn h¨v bkoZnsâ tk\m\mbI\mb C_v\pknbmZv lpssk³(d)hns\bpw ssk\ys¯bpw hfªp. bkoZnsâ ZpÀ`cWw Ahkm\n¸n¡m³ Iq^¡mcpsS £Ww e`n¨v ]pds¸«Xmbncp¶p lpssk³(d). ]t£, AhÀ At±ls¯ h©n¨p Ifªp.
bq{^«okv \Znbn \n¶v shÅsaSp¡m³ t]mepw i{Xp¡Ä At±ls¯ A\phZn¨nÃ. kv{XoIfpw Ip«nIfpw Zmln¨p heªp. aZo\bnte¡v aS§m³ A\phZn¡Wsa¶v lp ssk³(d) A`yÀYn¨p. ]t£, Dss_ZpÃmln_v\pknbmZv k½Xn¨nÃ. UamkvIkn t]mbn bkoZns\ ImWm\pÅ A`yÀY\bpw AbmÄ sNhns¡m­nÃ. bkoZns\ Jeo^bmbn AwKoIcn¨v ss_A¯v sN¿Wsa¶ i{Xp¡fpsS Bhiyw acWt¯mSv apJmapJw I­ണ്ടv \n¡p¶ Ahkc¯n t]mepw AwKoIcn¡m³ [oc\mb Camw lpssk ³(d) X¿mdmbnÃ. bp²w Bcw`n¨p. BZyw Zzµzbp²ambncp¶p. ]n¶nSv Iq«¸Sbmbn. AXn lpssk³(d)hnsâ A\pbmbnIÄ Hmtcmt¶mtcm¶mbn sImÃs¸«p. lpssk³ (d)hnsâ Xe Adp¯v Ip´¯n \m«n C_v\p knbmZv bkoZn\v F¯n¨psImSp¯p. \_n(kz) ]eXhW Npw_n¨ B hnip² apJw bkoZns\t¸mepw Icbn¨s{X.
apldw ]¯v hnem] Zn\ambmWv inbm¡Ä BNcn¡p¶Xv. s\©¯Sn¨pw icoc¯n\v ]oV\§tfÂ]n¨pw CkvemanI Ncn{X¯n \S¶ AXn{Iqcamb Cu kw`hs¯ inbm¡Ä B­ണ്ടptXmdpw A\pkvacn¡p¶p.
apldw H¶p apX ]¯v hsc Aip` \mfpIfmbmWv AhÀ IcpXnhcp¶Xv. \à Hcp {]hÀ¯\hpw Cu \mfpIfn Bcw`n¡m³ AhÀ X¿mdmInÃ. apldw ]¯v Ignbs« F¶v ]dªv amänsh¡emWv ]Xnhv. C¯cw Hcp Nn´mKXn kp¶nIfnepw I­ണ്ടphcp¶pണ്ട­v. apldw ]¯v hsc \lvkmsW¶ hnizmkw XoÀ¯pw AÔhnizmkamWv. Cu hnizmk¯n\v Ckveman bmsXmcSnØm\hpanÃ. apldw amk¯nse Znhk§fpsS t{ijvTXIsf ¡pdn¨mWv \_n(kz) ]dªn«pÅXv. apldw H¼Xn\pw ]¯n\pw t\m¼\pjvTn¡m³ \_n(kz) IÂ]n¨n«pണ്ട­v.
bq{^«oknsâ ]Snªmd³ Xoc¯v ØnXn sN¿p¶ IÀ_e F¶ ]«W¯n\v a¡bpsS alXzamWv inbm¡Ä NmÀ¯p¶Xv. Hcp thf AXntesd alXzw AhcXn\v IÂ]n¡p¶p. IÀ_embnse lpssk³(d) hnsâ aJv_d¡v dufm ico^ns\t¸msebpÅ alXzamWv AhÀ I¸n¡p¶Xv. CXv Hcp XoÀYmS\ tI{µamWv. ioCIfpsS kmwkvImcnI tI{µ§fn AXn{][m\s¸« H¶mWv IÀ_e. \P^pw Jqapw CXv t]mse ioCu kmwkvImcnI tI{µ§fmWv.
1801 lpssk³(d)hnsâ aJv_d C_v\p AZp hlvlm_nsâ A\pbmbnIÄ \in¸n¡pIbpണ്ട­mbn. F¶m Cdm\nIfpw CdmJn ioCIfpw tNÀ¶v AXv hoണ്ട­pw ]p\À \nÀan¨p. Aen(d)hnsâ aJv_d \P^nemsW¶v inbm¡Ä hnizkn¡p¶Xv sImണ്ട­v AXpw Hcp knbmd¯v tI{µamWv. lÖn\v t]mIpt¼mÄ \P^pw IÀ_ebpw kµÀin¡p¶Xv ]pWyambn AhÀ IcpXp¶p.
X½n t`Zw
ioCIfn H«t\Iw Ahm´c hn`mK§fps­¦nepw Ahcnse Ckv\mAivcnIsfbpw sskZnIsfbpw apkvenwIfmbn AwKoIcn¨phcp¶p. B[p\nI temI¯v Hcp CkvemanIv dn¸»n¡v Øm]n¨Xv Cdm\nse Ckv\m AivcnIfmWv. AhcpsS t\Xmhv Bb¯pÅm dqlpÅm apl½Zv aqkhn Jpssa\nbmWv. kp¶nIfpambn hnizmk]cambpw IÀ½ ]cambpapÅ AI¨ Ignbp¶{X Ipd¨psImണ്ട­phcm³ At±lw bXv\n¨p. Ccp]Xmw \qäm­ണ്ടn CkvemanI sFIy¯n\v thണ്ട­n {ian¨ hyànbmWt±lw. d_oD AÆen \_nZn\mtLmjw HcmgvN \o«ns¡mണ്ട­v apkvenw bpWnän¡mbn BNcn¡m³ At±lw D¯chn«ncp¶p.
Jpssa\n
1902 k]vXw_À 24\v Cdm³ XeØm\amb sSlvdm\n¶Sp¯pÅ JqanemWv At±lw P\n¨Xv. AXpsImണ്ട­mWt±ls¯ Jpssa\n F¶p hnfn¨phcp¶Xv. Cdm\nse inbm¡fpsS ]ctam¶X aX t\Xmhmbn At±lw DbÀ¶p. Bb¯pÅm: dqlpÅm: F¶ Øm\t¸cn\v AÀl\mbn. aÀPDÂAAvem F¶ AXyp¶X Øm\t¯¡v At±lw XncsªSp¡s¸«p. CXv inbm hnizmk{]Imcw D¶X\mb apPvXlnZnsâ Øm\amWv. PAv^co aZvl _p {]Imcw kaImenI apkvenwIÄ Pohn¨ncn¡p¶ Hcp apPvXlnZns\ ]n³]ä \nÀ_ÔamWv. At±lw apXvzeJv apPvXlnZmbncn¡nÃ. aZvl_nse apPvXlnZmWv. Jpssa\nsb PAv^cn aZvl_nse kaImenI apPvXlnZmbn inbm¡Ä AwKoIcn¨p.
Jpssa\n ZnIvdpw ZpBDw ZÀkv \S¯epambmWv BZy Ime§fn PohnXw \bn¨Xv. F¶m jmdnkm ]lvehnbpsS t\XrXz¯n Cdm³ Hcp Atacn¡³ tImf\n t]mse ]cnWan¡p¶Xpw P\X CkvemanI kwkv¡mcw Is¿mgn¨v ]mÝmXy ]cnjvImc¯nsâ ]pdsI t]mIp¶Xpw t\m¡n \n¡m³ B ]WvVnX a\Ên\v km[n¨nÃ. 1941  Bt±lw Iiv^p AkvdmÀ F¶ Hcp ]pkvXIw {]kn²oIcn¨p. jmbpsS tkzOm[n]Xy `cWs¯bpw, Atacn¡³ PohnX coXnItfmSpÅ {`as¯bpw, aXhncp² \nba§sfbpw At±lw AXn\ninXamb `mjbn {]kvXpX IrXnbn hnaÀin¨p. ]n¶oSv P\§tfmSv jms¡Xnsc PnlmZn\nd§m³ At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. P\§Ä {]t£m`§fpambn sXcphnend§n. 1963 amÀ¨v 22\v {]IS\¡mÀs¡Xnsc t_mw_v hÀjn¸n¨psImണ്ട­v jm {]XnImcw ho«n. ]Xn\mbnc¡W¡n\mfpIÄ sImÃs¸«p. Jpssa\nsb XShnem¡n.
P\tcmjw Bfn¸SÀ¶p. 1964 G{] 6\v Jpssa\nsb tamNn¸n¡m³ jm \nÀ_ÔnX\mbn. Jpssa\n ià\mb Hcp cmjv{Sob t\Xmhmbn amdn. At±l¯nsâ P\]n´pW A\pZn\w IqSnh¶p. 1946 \h¼À 4\v Jqw \Kcw hfª jmbpsS clky t]menkv Jpssa\nsb AdÌv sNbvXp. XpÀ¡nbnte¡p sImണ്ട­pt]mbn. CXdnªv P\w £p`nXcmbn. \msSm«p¡pw ]WnapS¡v \S¶p. {][m\a{´n a³kzqÀ sImÃs¸«p.
Jpssa\n Hcp sImïn\v tijw CdmJnse ioCu ]pWy\Kcamb \P^nse¯n. 13 hÀ jw \P^n Pnhn¨ At±lw {]kwK tIkäpIfneqsS Cdm\nIsf bp² k¶²cm¡n. Jpssa\n¡v Gsd\mÄ CdmJn Ignbm³ ]ämsXbmbn. CdmJv hnSm³ KhÀs½­v At±ls¯ \nÀ_Ôn¨p. HSphn 1978 HIvtSm_À BZy¯n At±lw ]mcokn A`bw tXSn. CtXmsS hn¹h {]hÀ¯\§Ä ]qÀÆm[nIw iàns¸Sp¯m³ Jpssa\n¡v Ignªp. Cdm\n hn¹h§Ä \nXy kw`h§fmbn. HSphn jm]qÀ `ànbmsd A[nImcw GÂ]n¨v 1979 P\phcn 16\v Cdm\nse jmC³jm, jm dkm]lvehn \mSphn«p. 1979 ^n{_hcn 1\v Jpssa\n Cdm\n Xncns¨¯n. s^{_phcn 5\v At±lw Hcp XmÂImenI KhÀs½ണ്ട­v cq]nIcn¨p. alvZo _mkÀ Kms\ {][m\a{´nbmbn \nban¨p. jmbpsS tk\ Jpssa\nbpsS `mKt¯¡v Iqdpamdn. `ànbmÀ \mSphn«p. 1979 G{]n 1\v Cdm\n Ckveman¡v dn¸»n¡v Øm]n¨psImണ്ട­v Jpssa\n {]Jym]\w \S¯n. ]n¶oSv At§m«v Atacn¡bpsS IpX{´§fmbncp¶p. Akm[mcWamb Bß ss[cyt¯msS Cdm\nb³ P\X Cu IpX{´§sf AXnPohn¨p. hn¹h§Ä sImണ്ട­pw, {]t£m`§Ä sIm­ണ്ടpw ]cn£oWamb Cdms\ Atacn¡bpsS \nÀt±i {]Imcw k±mw A{Ian¨p. Ip«nIsft¸mepw ]«mf¯n tNÀ¯psIm­ണ്ടmWv Jpssa\n Cu B{IaWs¯ t\cn«Xv.
C¶v Cdm³ ]ptcmKXnbpsS ]mXbneqsS Gsd apt¶dn¡gnªp. CkvemanI kwkvImc¯nsâ A´Êv DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡p¶ Hcp P\Xbmbn Cdm\nIsf amän FSp¡m³ Jpssa\n¡v Ignªp. 1989 Pq¬ 3\v At±lw A´cn¨p. aäp inbm ]WvVnX·mcn \n¶v `n¶ambn Xsâ IrXnIfn At±lw BZys¯ aq¶p Jeo^amscbpw Gsd {]iwkns¨gpXnbn«pണ്ട­v. ioCk¯n Fs´ms¡ XIcmdpIfpsണ്ട­¦nepw Ccp]Xmw \qäm­ണ്ടn Jpssa\nbpsS t\XrXz¯n Cdm\n Act§dnb Cu hn¹h¯nsâ CkvemanI ]cnthjs¯ ]pIgv¯msX \nÀÆmlanÃ.


BßobcwKs¯ hyXnbm\§Ä
P_cn¿
JZvcn¿
apÀPnA
apAvXkne
JmcnPo {]Øm\hpw ioC¿¯pw XpS¡¯n cmjv{Sob {]Øm\§fmbncp¶p. AhÀ cmjv{Sob¯nsâ t]cn hnizmk cwK¯pIqSn X§fpsS hyXnbm\ Nn´IÄ hym]n¸n¡pIbmWv sNbvXXv. Cu {]Øm\§sf t\cnSm³ JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw ZpÀhymJym\w sNbvXv hgn]ng¨pt]mb ]e {]Øm\§fpw lnPvd BZy \qäm­ണ്ടpIfn Xs¶ DZbw sNbvXp. JhmcnPnIfpsS, h³]m]n AhnizmknbmsW¶ Xo{hhmZ \ne]mSns\ FXnÀ¯psImണ്ട­v cwK¯v h¶ asämcp {]Øm\amWv P_cn¿. Plvav F¶ Hcp ]WvVnX\mWv Cu {]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhv. AXvsImണ്ട­v At±lt¯mSv tNÀ¯v CXns\ Plvan¿ F¶pw ]dbmdpണ്ട­v. a\pjy³ \nÊlmb\mWv, Ah\v H¶n\pw IgnhnÃ. FÃmw kÀÆià\mb AÃmlphnsâ CÑ¡pw Dt±iy¯n\pw A\pkcn¨mWv \S¡p¶Xv. AXv sImണ്ടv \nÊlmb\mb a\pjy\n \n¶v hcp¶ sNdpXpw hepXpamb Hcp ]m]¯n\pw bYmÀY¯n Ah³ D¯chmZnbà F¶v P_cnIÄ hmZn¨p. imizXamb kzÀK\cIw Fs¶m¶nÃ. Ah \in¡pw. ssZhs¯ Adnªh³ apAvan\mWv. ssZhs¯¡pdn¨pÅ AdnhnÃmbvabmWv Ip^vdv. JpÀB³ krjvSnbsöv ]dbp¶Xv icnbÃ. ssZh hnizmkn DÅn hnizmkw \ne\nÂs¡, \mhpsImണ്ട­v \ntj[n¡p¶Xv aqew Im^ndmIpIbnà XpS§nb hnizmk§Ä ChcptSXmWv. lnPvd 128 Cu {]Øm\ \mbI\mb Plvav_v\p kz^vhm³ sImÃs¸«p.
JZvcn¿
P_cnbm¡fpsS Xo{hhmZs¯ t]mse¯s¶ AXnsâ t\sc hn]coX Bibw DÄs¡mണ്ട ­ asämcp Xo{hhmZ {]Øm\amWv JZvcn¿. P_cnIÄ a\pjyÀ¡v AhcpsS {]hÀ¯\§fn Hcp ]¦pansöv hmZn¡pt¼mÄ a\pjy IÀ½§Ä XoÀ¯pw a\pjycpsS A[o\Xbn s]«XmsW¶pw AhbpsS aosX A[oiXzapÅ Hcp A[nImc iànbpansöpw JZvcnIfpw hmZn¡p¶p. Npcp¡¯n AhÀ AÃmlphsâ ap³hn[nsb \ntj[n¡p¶p. "AÂJZvdp ssJdplp hiÀdplp an\Ãmln' F¶ kp¶o kn²m´s¯ ChÀ ]msS \ntj[n¡p¶p.
apÀPnA
JhmcnP, P_co, JZvco XpS§nb Xo{hhmZ kp¶o hncp² {]Øm\§Ä ¡nS¡v anXhmZnIfmbn cwK¯v h¶hcmWv apÀPnCIÄ. AhcpsS hmZKXnIÄ C§s\ kw{Kln¡mw: AÃmlphn hnizkn¨ Hcmsf Ah³ F{X Xs¶ henb Ipäw sNbvXmepw Ahnizmkn F¶p hnfn¨pIqSm, Cu \ne¡v AhÀ JhmcnPnsâ, h³]m]nIÄ AhnizmknIfmsW¶ hmZs¯ FXnÀ¡p¶p. Aenbpw Dkvam\pw(d.lpw) CkvemanI kaqls¯ ]nfÀ¸nte¡v \bn¡pI hgn Ipä¡mcmsW¶v Chcpw k½Xn¡p¶p. Cu \ne¡v AhÀ JmcnPnIfpsS XXzhpambn tbmPn¡p¶p. F¶m ChcpsS Imcy¯n AÃmlphnsâ XoÀ¸v Im¯ncn¡pIbÃmsX \ap¡v A`n{]mbw ]dbm³ ]SnsömWv AhcpsS ho£Ww. Aenbpw Dkvam\pw kzÀKw kt´mjhmÀ¯bdnbn¡s¸« kzlm_nacmsW¶ Imcyw AhÀ hnkvacn¡p¶p.
inbm¡Ä Aen(d)sb¡pdn¨pw At±l¯nsâ k´m\ ]c¼cIsf¡pdn¨pw {]Ncn¸n¨ncp¶ AXnitbmànIsfbpw, AahnIÄ apBhnb(d)hns\¡pdn¨v {]Ncn¸n¨n¨ncp¶ amlmßy§sfbpw AhÀ XÅn¡fªp. Aahn¿ `cWs¯¡pdn¨v AhcpsS \ne]mSv k´penXambncp¶p. {]ivWm[njvTnX ]n´pW F¶ coXnbmbncp¶p AhÀ A\phÀ¯n¨p t]m¶Xv.
cmjv{Sob¯n ChÀ ImWn¨ Cu k´penX ho£Whpw klIcW `mhhpw aXImcy§fn AhÀ h¨p]peÀ¯n. IÀa§sf¡mÄ hnizmk¯n\mWv AhÀ {]m[m\yw I¸n¨Xv. Cu \ne¡v AhcpsS ho£Ww PlvanIfn \n¶v hfscsbm¶pw hnZqcaÃ. AÃmlphnsâ kvt\lw, HuZmcyw, \· F¶o KpW§Ä¡mWv AhÀ {]mapJyw I¸n¨Xv. hnizmknbmbXv sIm­ണ്ടv Hcp apkvenan\v Fs¶¦nepw \cI tamN\ap ണ്ടmIpsa¶hÀ hnizkn¨p. F´p ]m]w sNbvXmepw Hcp hnizmkn imizX \cI in£¡v ]m{Xo`hn¡nà F¶v AhÀ hmZn¨p. apkvenamsW¦n GXv alm ]m]nsbbpw `cWm[nImcnbmbn AwKoIcn¡msa¶pw ]n¶n \n¶p sImണ്ട­v \nkvIcn¡msa¶pw apÀPnIÄ A`n{]mbs¸«p.
apAvXkne
Ckveman hfÀ¶ph¶ Hcp bpànhmZ {]Øm\amWv apAvXkne. apIfn ]dª aq¶v hyXnbm\ Nn´Isft¸mse¯s¶ apAvXkne {]Øm\hpw C¶v temI¯v \ne \n¡p¶nÃ. F¶m ChbpsSsbms¡ Bib§fn ]eXpw ]e B[p\nI apkvenw kwLS\Ifpw kz´am¡nbn«pണ്ട­v. Dab¯v `cWm[nImcnIÄ X§fpsS sXäpIsf \ymboIcn¡m³ thണ്ട­n FÃmw AÃmlphnsâ ap³ hn[nbmsW¶pw X§fpsS sNbvXnIfn X§Ä¡v bmsXmcp D¯chmZnXzhpansöpw ]dªv Hgnªpamdm³ XpS§n. ChcpsS Cu Nn´mKXn Xs¶ Hcp {]Øm\¯nsâ cq]w {]m]n¨mWv P_cn¿ F¶ {Kq¸v \nehn h¶Xv. AahnIÄ¡v thണ്ട­n {]Ncn¡s¸« P_cn¿ kn²m´s¯ Camw lk\p _kzcn(d) sXfnhpIÄ \nc¯n JÞn¨p. At±lw Alvep¯uloZn hÂAZv Fs¶mcp {]Øm\¯n\v Xs¶ cq]w sImSp¯p. F¶m lk\pÂ_kzcn(d)tbmsSm¸w {]hÀ¯n¨p h¶ncp¶ hmkznep_v\pAXzmDv Hcp ]pXnb {]iv\¯n\v XosImfp¯n. h³ ]m]n¡v tam£apsണ്ട­¶v hmZn¨ncp¶ apÀPnA hn`mKw C¡me¯v kPohambn¯s¶ {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p. h³]m]n Im^ndmsW¶v JhmcnPv hmZn¨t¸mÄ h³]m]n apAvan\msW¶v apÀPnA hn`mKhpw hmZn¨p. hmkzn CXn\nS¡v ]pXnsbmcp kn²m´hpambn cwK¯ph¶p. h³tZmjw sN¿p¶h³ apAvan\Ã, Im^ndpaà F¶mbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ hmZw. F¶m AhÀ imizX \cI in£¡v hnt[bam¡s¸Spsa¶pw ]t£, Ah\v e`n¡p¶ in£ AhnizmknIÄ¡v e`n¡p¶ in£Isf¡mÄ eLphmbnc¡psa¶pw At±lw A`n{]mbs¸«p. Xsâ kl{]hÀ¯I\mb Awdp_v\pDss_Zv (ln.80þ144) BZy¯n hmkznensâ hmZw kzoIcn¡m³ hnk½Xn¨p. lk\pÂ_kzcn(d)bpsS {Kq¸nse anI¨ ZmÀi\nI\pw ^Jolpambncp¶p At±lw. hfsctbsd hmZ{]XnhmZ§Ä¡v tijw Awdpw XpSÀ¶v ]e {]apJcpw hmkznensâ {Kq¸n tNÀ¶p. {ItaW lk\p _kzcn(d)bpsS injy·mcn CsXmcp ]nfÀ¸n\v hgnsbmcp¡n. hmkznÂ, lk\p _kzcn(d)bpsS hnÚm\ kZÊv hn«v asämcp kZÊv kwLSn¸n¨p sh¶dnªt¸mÄ l k\p _kzcn(d) C{]Imcw {]XnIcn¨p: "CAvXke A¶m' (At±lw \s½ hn«p]ncªp) Cu {]tbmK¯n \n¶mWv apAvXknen F¶ t]cp­ണ്ടmbXs{X.
apAvXknen {]Øm\¯nsâ Øm]I\pw apJy {]t_m[I\pw hmkznep_v\p AXzmAv Bbncp¶p. Bt±lw {]Øm\¯n\v \mev ASnØm\ XXz§Ä {]Jym]n¨p. 1. XuloZv 2 AZvev (a\pjy{]hÀ¯\¯n\v  a\pjy\v Ignhpw D¯chmZnXzhpaps­¶ \ymbw) 3. c­ണ്ടhØIÄ¡nSbnepÅ AhØ, AXmbXv hnizmk¯nsâbpw Ahnizmk¯nsâbpw CS¡pÅ AhØ. 4. Aen, apBhnb {]iv\§fn Hcp hn`mKw sXäpImcmbncp¶psh¶pw Bcmbncp¶p sXäpImsc¶v \nÀ®bnt¡ണ്ട­XnsöpapÅ kq£vaXbpsS kao]\w. Cu \mep XXz§sf IqSmsX asämcp XXzhpw IqSn apAvXknenIfpsS ]n¡me t\Xmhmbncp¶ lpssZÂ, {]Øm\t¯mSpIq«nt¨À¯p. Awdpw _n aAvdq^v h \lvbp³ A\n ap³IÀ (\· IÂ]n¡Â, Xn· \ntcm[n¡Â) F¶Xmbncp¶p AXv.
Cukm \_n(A)s\ IenaXpÃmln F¶v hntijn¸n¡p¶Xns\bpw JpÀB³ A\mZnbmsW¶ hmZs¯bpw apAvXknenIÄ FXnÀ¯p. JpÀB³ krjvSnbmsW¶mbncp¶p AhcpsS hmZw. AlvaZp_v\pl¼en(d) s\t¸msebpÅ AlvepÊp¶¯nsâ CamapIÄ apAvXknenIfpsS C¯cw hmZ§sf iànbmsbXnÀ¯v XShpw ]oV\§fpa\p`hn¨p. l¼en(d)¡v tijw Camw AivAcn(d)bpw amXpcoZn(d)bpambncp¶p hnizmk sshIey§fn \n¶v CkvemanI temIs¯ Im¯p c£n¨Xv. apAvXknen {]Øm\w sXmSp¯p hn« bpànhmZ§sf JpÀBsâbpw kp¶¯nsâbpw shfn¨¯n bpànbpsS ]n³_et¯msS Xs¶ AhÀ FXnÀ¯v tXm¸n¨v kp¶¯ns\ kwc£n¨p.
]ctemI¯v sh¨v AÃmlphns\ ImWm³ km[n¡psa¶ hnizmks¯ AhÀ \ntj[n¨p. a\pjy IÀ½§fpsS {kjvSmhv a\pjy³ Xs¶bmsW¶pw ssZh¯n\v AXn Hcp ]¦pansöpambncp¶p AhcpsS asämcp hmZw. ssZhw ZpjvIÀ½w CÑn¡pItbm hn[n¡pItbm sN¿nÃ.
shdpw hnizmkw sIm­ണ്ടv Cuam\pÅXmbn AwKoIcn¨pIqSm. hnizmkhpw IÀ½hpw IqSnt¨cpt¼mÄ am{Xsa Cuam³ BIpIbpÅpsh¶v AhÀ kn²m´n¡p¶p. h³]m]nIÄ Xu_ sN¿msX acn¨m \cI¯n t]mIpw. ImcWw Zpjv¡Àa§Ä¡v \cI in£bpsണ്ട­¶v JpÀB\n hyàam¡nbn«pണ്ട­v.
\· IÂ]n¡epw Xn· \ntcm[n¡epw hyàn]camb _m²yXbmsW¶pw AhÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. apAvPnk¯pw Idma¯pw AhÀ \ntj[n¡p¶p. Aºmkn¿m Jeo^amcmbncp¶ AÂaAvaq³, AÂapAvXknw, AÂhmknJv F¶nhÀ apAvXknenIfmbncp¶p. A[nImc¯nsâ ]n³_e¯n ChÀ ]oV\ apdIfp]tbmKn¨v apAvXknenkw \S¸m¡n. Aºmkn¿m `cW¯nsâ Ahkm\t¯msS apAvXknenkhpw Ahkm\n¨p.
AlvepÊp¶¯n h PamA¯nsâ iàamb {]Xntcm[w aqew apIfn ]dª an¡ {]Øm\§fpw Imem´c¯n \mamhtijambn. At¸mgpw inbm¡Ä X§fpsS hyXnbm\ Nn´Isf Øm]\h¡cn¨v sImണ്ട­v Hcp {]tXyI hn`mKambn¯s¶ \nesImണ്ട­p. F¦nepw temI¯nse _lp`qcn`mKw apkvenwIfpw \_nbpw kzlm_¯pw Pohn¨p Im Wn¨pX¶ Ckvemansâ {]mtbmKnI cq]§fmbn \mensemcp aZvl_v XncsªSp¯psImണ്ട­v Pohn¨phcp¶p. hyXnbm\ Nn´IÄ¡v thenIÄ XoÀ¯p sImണ്ട­v hnizmk cwK¯v AivAco, amXpcoZo aZvl_pIfnsem¶pw IÀa cwK¯v l\^o, amenIo, im^nCu, l¼eo aZvl_pIfnsem¶pw bYmÀY CkvemanI icoA¯mbn kzoIcn¡s¸«p. AwKoIrX aZvl_pIÄ¡v tijw AJoZIfnepw, ^nJvlnepw kzX{´amb CPvXnlmZn\v Bhiyw CÃmXmbn. apXvzeJv apPvXlnZpIfpsS ImeL«w AtXmsS Ahkm\n¨p. aZvl_n\v AI¯v \n¶psImണ്ട­v kaImenI {]iv\§fn At¸mgpw CPvXnlmZv \ne\n¶p t]m¶p. C¯cw apPvXlnZpIsf tkm]m[nI apPvXlnZpIÄ F¶v hnfn¨ph¶p. kpbqXzn, kp_p¡n, \hhn, dm^nCu(d.lpw) XpS§nbhÀ im^nCu aZvl_nse Adnbs¸« tkm]m[nI apPvXlnZpIfmWv. Camw apl½Zpw, bqkp^p(d.lpw)amWv l\^o aZvl_n\v DuSpw ]mhpw s\bvX {]apJ·mÀ. CtX t]mse CXc aZvl_pIfpsS hfÀ¨¡pw hnImk¯n\pw B aZvl_pIÄ¡Is¯ [njWmimenIfmb ]WvVnX·mcpsS KthjWw hgnsXfnbn¨p.
kzX{´ apPvXlnZpIfmb CamapIÄ¡v tijhpw JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepw AhKmlw t\Snb At\Imbncw ]WvVnX·mÀ CkvemanI temI¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fn FÃm Ime¯pw D­ണ്ടmbn«pണ്ട­v. F¶m AhscÃmw AwKoIrX aZvl_pIÄ¡v tkh\w AÀ¸n¨p sIm­ണ്ടv Pohn¡pIbÃmsX ]pXnb aZvl_pIfp­ണ്ടm¡m³ apXnÀ¶nÃ. ImcWw hnizmk cwK¯pw ^nJvlo cwK¯pw ]pXnb KthjWw Bhiyansöv AhscÃmw a\Ênem¡n. _pJmcntbm apkventam XnÀaZntbm \kmCtbm \hhntbm dm^ntbm bqkpt^m apl½tZm aplbn±o³ ssitJm cn^mCtbm sslXantbm AkvJem\ntbm KÊmentbm kp_pIntbm _pÂJo\ntbm (d.lpw) H¶pw Xs¶ ]pXnb aZvl_pIfpണ്ട­m¡m³ sa\s¡«nÃ. AXv Ckveman\v tZmjta hcp¯psh¶v AhÀ kapZmbs¯ HmÀan¸n¨p. KthjWw `uXnI cwK¯v, {]tXyIn¨v imkv{X kmt¦XnI aÞe§fn aXnsb¶ Nn´bmWv AhÀ hfÀ¯nbXv. F¶m CXns\Xnsc kp¶o temI¯v apg§nb BZys¯ apJy i_vZw ssiJp Ckvemw C_v\pssXanbbptSXmbncp¶p. l¼eo aZvl_pImc\mbncp¶ At±lw kzX{´ hn[n XoÀ¸n\pÅ AhImiw ]p\Øm]n¡Wsa¶v hmZn¨p. Nne hnjb§fn \mep aZvl_pIfpsSbpw AwKoIrX Xocpam\¯n\v hncp²amb Nne aX hn[nIÄ At±lw ]pds¸Sphn¡pIbpap­mbn. F¦nepw Hcp ]pXnb aZvl_p­ണ്ടm¡m\pÅ [mÀjvSysam¶pw At±lw ImWn¨ncp¶nÃ. hyXnbm\ Nn´mKXn¡mcn ap¼\mbn IcpXs¸Sp¶ At±ls¯¡pdn¨pÅ Hcp sNdp hnhcWamWv NphsS tNÀ¡p¶Xv.
C_v\pssXan¿:
AlvaZv XJn¿p±o³ F¶mWv At±l¯nsâ t]À. lnPvd 661 d_oDÂAÆ 10\v ({Inkv Xm_vZw 1263 P\phcn 22\v) lÀdm\nemWv C_v\pssXanb ]nd¶Xv. At±l¯nsâ ]nXmhv inlm_p±o\pw ]nXmal³ aPvZp±o\pw l¼eo aZvl_nse {]kn²cmb ]WvVnXcmbncp¶p. aPvZp±osâ amXmhv ssXanb Hcp alm]WvVnXbmbncp¶p. Chcnte¡v tNÀ¯mWv XJn¿p±os\ C_v\p ssXanb F¶v hnfn¨p hcp¶Xv.
XpS¡¯n l¼eo aZvl_v XJveoZv sNbvXpsImണ്ട­p Pohn¨pt]m¶ At±lw ]n¡me¯v JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw am{Xw Nn´bpsS am\ZÞam¡n. ]nXmhnsâ \ncymWt¯msS At±lw ZakvIkv ]Ånbn apZÀcnkmbncp¶p. A¶v At±l¯n\v 21 hbÊv am{Xambncp¶p {]mbw. CXn\nS¡v kndnb A{Ian¨ XÀ¯mcnIsf Xpc¯p¶Xn At±lw AXpeyamb ]¦v hln¨p. hmIvNmXpcnbpw cN\m ssh`hhpw H¶n¨p tNÀ¶ ]WvVnX\mbncp¶p At±lw.
kzq^nks¯bpw ZmÀi\nIscbpw FXnÀ¯psIm­ണ്ടmWv At±lw Xsâ `n¶kzcw {]ISam¡nbXv. \_n(kz)sb XhÊp sN¿p¶Xv icnbmsW¶v AwKoIcn¨ncp¶ At±lw aäp almßm¡sf XhÊp sN¿p¶Xnt\mSv hntbmPn¸v {]ISn¸n¨p. CkvXnKmkbn \n¶v hn«v \n¡Wsa¶pw At±lw D]tZin¨p. kzlm_namcn ]escbpw At±lw hnaÀin¨p. Jpe^mDdminZpIfmb DaÀ(d), Aen(d) F¶nhÀ At±l¯nsâ hnaÀi\¯n\XoXcmbncp¶nÃ. Aen(d) ap¶qdn ]cw sXäpIÄ sNbvXn«psണ്ട­¶v Hcn¡Â At±lw ]dbpIbp­mbn. C_v\pÂAd_n(d) At±l¯nsâ ZrjvSnbn hgn]ng¨ ZmÀi\nI\mbncp¶p. Camw KÊmen(d)sbbpw At±lw shdpsX hn«nÃ. CPvamAv kzoIcn¨p sImÅWsa¶nsöpw At±lw hmZn¨p. \cIw imizXasö hmZhpw At±l¯n\pണ്ട­mbncp¶p. aq¶p XzemJpw H¶n¨p sNmÃnbm hnhml _Ôw k¼qÀ®ambpw ]ncnbpsa¶ kÀ imwKoIrX Xocpam\s¯ At±lw tNmZyw sNbvXp. Hcp thfbn F{X XzemJv sNmÃnbmepw H¶mtb ]cnKWn¡m³ ]mSpÅqsh¶v At±lw hmZn¨p. \_n(kz)bpsS J_vdv knbmd¯v Dt±in¨psImണ്ട­v bm{X ]pds¸Sm³ ]mSnsö ]pXnb ho£Whpw At±lw apt¶m«p sh¨p.
C¯cw \ho\mib§Ä aqew kaImenI ]WvVnX·mcpsS iàamb FXnÀ¸n\v At±lw ]m{Xo`qX\mbn. NneÀ At±ls¯ fzmÃpw, apfznÃpw (hgn]ng¨h\pw, ]ng¸n¡p¶h\p)sa¶v ap{ZIp¯n. Camw kp_pIn(d)bpw C_v\plPdpÂa¡n(d)bpsams¡ At±l¯nsâ ISp¯ {]XntbmKnIfmbncp¶p.
]WvVnX·mcpsS FXnÀ¸pIÄ IW¡nseSp¯ kÀ¡mÀ lnPvd 705 At±ls¯ PbneneS¨p. Pbn hmkw C_v\pssXanb {KÙ cN\¡v {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯n. 37 hmfy§fpÅ ^Xmhm C_v\pssXanb Hcp _rlXv {KÙamWv. 728 ZpÂJAZv 20\v Pbnen sh¨mWv At±lw acn¡p¶Xv. 65 hbÊv {]mbap­mbncp¶p.
{InkvXym\nIsf JÞn¨psImണ്ട­v AÂPhm_pÊzlolv ena³ _Ze Zo\Âakolv F¶ IrXnbpw ioCks¯ FXnÀ¯p sImണ്ട­v an³lmPp Êp¶¯p¶_hn¿ F¶ IrXnbpw At±l¯nsâ {it²bamb cN\IfmWv.
]WvVnXcpsS A`n{]mb§Ä: Bib]cambn {]KÛ ]WvVnXscÃmw ssiJp Ckvemans\ FXnÀ¯n«pണ്ട­v. ssiJp Ckvemw F¶Xv At±l¯n\v e`n¨ s{]m^j\ ssSänemWv. s{]m^kÀ Hm^v CkvemanIv ÌUokv F¶ AÀY¯n Zamkv¡knse aX ]T\ imebn \n¶pw e`n¨ ]ZhnbmWv. aX]camb Bib§fn sXäp]änbn«ps­ണ്ട¦nepw C_v\ssXanbbpsS ]mWvVnXyw A\ntj[yamsW¶v C_v\plPdp AkvJem\n(d) bpw C_v\pIkodpw(d) ]dbpIbp­mbn. Camw Iamep±o³ ka¡m\n At±l¯nsâ ISp¯ hnaÀiI\mbncp¶p. F¦nepw ioCks¯ FXnÀ¡p¶Xn At±lw AÀ¸n¨ ]¦v ka¡m\nbpw AwKoIcn¨n«p­ണ്ടv. At±ls¯ Im^nÀ F¶v hnfn¨hsc kaÀ¡m\n iàambn A]e]n¡pIbmWv sNbvXXv. \nÀ`mKyhm\mb ]WvVnX³ F¶mWv NneÀ At±ls¯ hntijn¸n¨n«pÅXv. C_v\pssXanbm hmZ§Ä ]eXpw hnhmZ§fmsW¦nepw At±ls¯ Im^nÀ F¶v ]dbm\pÅ sXfnhpIÄ H¶pw At±l¯nsâ {KÙ§sf kkq£vaw hnebncp¯nb X\n¡v e`n¨n«nà F¶mWv Camw _pÂJo\n(d) ]dªXv. F¶m AlvaZp_v\p AZvdCsbt¸mse C_v\pssXanbsb {]iwkn¨hscbpw Ncn{X¯n ImWmw. A_p lk³ Aen\Zvhnbpw ]tcX\mb Ihn AÃmamCJv_mepw AXn s]Sp¶p.

kÀhaX kXyhmZw

Ckvemw
Ckvemw Imcy§Ä
Cuam³ Imcy§Ä
aXsa¶t]cn \nehnepÅ GsX¦nepsam¶nsâ A\pbmbnbmbn Pohn¨m t]mc, apl½Zv \_n(kz)bpsS cnkme¯pw \p_pƯpw AwKoIcn¨psImണ്ട­v JpÀB³ A\pkcn¨v Xs¶ Pohn¡Wsa¶mWv Ckvemw \njvIÀjn¡p¶Xv. F¶m kqdXpÂ_Jdbnse 62 mw Bb¯pw amCZbnse 69 mw kqàhpw D²cn¨v GXv aXw kzoIcn¨mepw aXn F¶p hmZn¡p¶ kÀÆ aXkXyhmZnIfpണ്ടv. kqd¯p _Jdbnse 62mw kqàw CXmWv :
\nÝbw hnizkn¨htcm blqZnItfm IrkvXym\nItfm kzm_nItfm Bcmbmepw, AÃmlphnepw A´yZn\¯nepw hnizkn¡pIbpw, kÂIÀaw {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw sNbvXhcmcmbmepw AhcpsS c£nXmhnsâ ASp¡Â AhcpsS {]Xn^ew D­ണ്ടmbncn¡pw. AhÀ `bs¸SpItbm ZpxJn¡pItbm thണ്ടnhcnà (Jp2:62). FÃm aX§fpw icn F¶v hcp¯n¯oÀ¡m\à adn¨v X§fmWv kzÀK¯nsâ bYmÀY AhIminIsf¶ blqZnIfpsSbpw {InkvXym\nIfpsSbpw s]mÅbmb AhImi hmZs¯ JÞn¡phm\mWv Cu kqàhpw amCZbnse 69 mw kqàhpw Cd¡nbXv. tam£¯nsâ am\ZÞw kmapZmbnItam hÀKobtam Asöpw bYmÀY hnizmkhpw k¡ÀahpamsW¶pw hyàam¡pIbmWv Cu kqà§Ä sN¿p¶Xv. AÃmlphnepw A´yZn\¯nepw hnizkn¨hÀ¡v am{Xta tam£apÅpsh¶v Ch hyàam¡p¶p. tam£¯nsâ D]m[nbmb Cuizc hnizmkhpw ]ctemI hnizmkhpw GXv coXnbn thWsa¶v JpÀB\nse aät\Iw kqà§fneqsS AÃmlp hniZoIcn¨n«p­ണ്ടv. XZ\pkmcw hnizkn¨v {]hÀ¯n¨mse ]ctemI tam£w e`n¡pIbpÅpsh¶v JpÀB³ kwibteiat\y Xd¸n¨p ]dªn«pണ്ടv.
kqdXp amCZbnÂ, PqX·mscbpw {InkvXym\nIsfbpw A`nkwt_m[\ sNbvXpsImണ്ട­v AÃmlp ]dbp¶p: AÃtbm thZ¡mtc, \½psS ZqX³ \n§fn BKX\mbncn¡p¶p. thZ¯n \n¶v \n§Ä ]qgv¯nsh¨ [mcmfw Imcy§Ä At±lw \n§Ä¡v hniZoIcn¨v XcnIbpw [mcmfw Imcy§Ä \n§Ä¡v hns«mgnhm¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. \n§Ä¡v AÃmlphn \n¶pÅ shfn¨hpw hyàamb thZhpw h¶ncn¡p¶p. AXphgn AÃmlphnsâ {]oXn tXSp¶hÀ¡v Ah³ c£mamÀK§Ä ImWn¨v sImSp¡pIbpw Ahsâ lnX¯m Ahsc CcpfpIfn \n¶v {]Imi¯nte¡v \bn¡pIbpw t\Àhgnbnte¡v amÀK ZÀi\w AcpfpIbpw sN¿p¶p (Jp 15,16). JpÀB³ Xs¶ kzoIcn¨psImÅWsa¶v thZ¡msc \nÀt±in¡pIbmWv Cu kqà§Ä sN¿p¶Xv. XpSÀ¶p ]dbp¶p: aÀbansâ ]p{X³ akolv Xs¶bmWv ssZhsa¶v ]dªhÀ XoÀ¨bmbpw \ntj[nIfmbncn¡p¶p (Jp 5:17). hoണ്ട­pw ]dbp¶p: Hm thZ¡mtc, {]hmNI ZuXy]c¼c Iptd Imeambn \ne¨pt]mb Hcp kmlNcy¯n \½psS Cu ZqX³ \n§fn BKX\mbn \n§Ä¡v aX¯nsâ kphyàamb ]mT§Ä \ÂIns¡m­ണ്ടncn¡pIbmWv. R§fn Hcp kphntijIt\m ap¶dnbn¸v \ÂIp¶ht\m h¶nÃtÃm F¶v ]dbphm³ \n§Ä¡v Ahkcw hccpXtÃm F¶v IcpXnbmWXv. \nÝbambpw B kphntijI\pw Xm¡oXpImc\pw \n§fn kamKX\mbncn¡p¶p. AÃmlp FÃmän\pw IgnhpÅh\mbncn¡p¶p (Jp 5:19).
]qÀh aX¡mscÃmw apl½Zv \_n(kz)sb kzoIcn¨v sImÅWsa¶mWv Cu kqà§sfÃmw hyàam¡p¶Xv. Ckvemansâ ho£W¯n ]qÀh aX§sfÃmw Ckvemansâ ImelcWw kw`hn¨ hnIe§fmb hIt`Z§fmWv. Ahbn a\pjyIc§fpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä hgnbmbn Iq«epIfpw Ingn¡epIfpw h¶p `hn¨ncn¡p¶p. AsXÃmw icns¸Sp¯ns¡mണ്ട­pÅ ktµiamWv A´na icoA¯mb Ckvemw. B kXyw ad¨ph¨p sImണ്ട­v aXw GXmbmepw a\pjy\v \¶mhm³ km[n¡psa¶ `wKnhm¡v ]dbm³ JpÀB³ A\pkcn¨v km[yasöXmWv hkvXpX. a\pjy³ GXv tZi¡mc\pw kapZmb¡mc\pw Bhs« Ahsâ aXw AYhm hnizmk IÀ½kcWn Ckvemambncn¡Wsa¶mWv AÃmlphnsâ D]tZiw .AXpam{XamWv kXy kcWnsb¶v JpÀB³ hyàam¡p¶p. ""
Ckvemw
Akvea F¶ Ad_n ]Z¯n \n¶mWv Ckvemw F¶ ]Zw Dണ്ട­mbXv. IogS§n, A\pkcn¨p, kaÀ¸n¨p Fs¶ms¡ CXn\ÀYap­ണ്ടv. AÃmlphn\pÅ k¼qÀWamb kaÀ¸Wsa¶mWv kmt¦XnImÀYw. C§s\ AÃmlphnsâ \nba§Ä¡pw imk\IÄ¡pw ]qÀWambn hg§ns¡m­ണ്ടv Pohn¡pt¼mÄ hyàn¡pw kaql¯n\pw Dണ്ട­mIp¶ kam[m\hpw Ckvemansâ AÀYhym]vXnbn DÄs¸Sp¶p.
{]]©¯nse ]ZmÀY§sfÃmw AÃmlphn\v Iogvs¸«psIm­ണ്ടmWv Pohn¡p¶Xv. AXmbXv {]IrXn \nba§Ä¡\pkcn¨mWv `qanbpw aäp tKmf§fpw kqcy\pw N{µ\pw \£{X§fpsams¡ Nen¡p¶Xv. Chs¡m¶pw Xs¶ ssZhnI \nba§sf ewLn¡pI km[yaÃ. At¸mÄ ]Z¯nsâ AÀYw h¨v Ahsb apkvenw F¶v ]dbmw. F¶m kmt¦XnImÀY¯n Ahsb apkvenw F¶v hnfn¡nÃ. ImcWw Ckvemw _p²nbpw bpànbpw sImSp¯v Nn´n¨v hnizkn¨v BNcnt¡­ IÀ½ ]²XnbmWv. AXn\m ]YmÀY temIs¯ apkvenw F¶v ]dbnÃ.
AÃmlp {]Imi¯m krjvSn¨ aeIpIfpw k¼qÀWambpw AÃmlphnsâ I¸\Isf AwKoIcn¨p {]hÀ¯n¡p¶hcmWv. ]t£, AhÀ¡pw hnthN\m[nImcanÃ. AÃmlphnsâ IÂ]\ ewLn¡m³ AhÀ¡v km[yaÃ. B \nebn Ahscbpw apkvenw, Aapkvenw F¶ XcwXncnhn DÄs¸Sp¯n¸dbmdnÃ. hnthN\m[nImcw \ÂIs¸« Pn¶v, C³kv hÀK§sfbmWv apkvenw, Im^nÀ ]«nIbn km[mcW s]Sp¯mdpÅXv.
a\pjy\v AÃmlp Nn´m kzmX{´yw \ÂIn. \·bpw Xn·bpw hnthNn¨dnbphm\pÅ iàn {]Zm\w sNbvXp. Ah\dnbm¯ aÞe§fn ssZh \nbpà\mb \_nbneqsS Adnhv \ÂIn. ip² {]IrXt¯msSbmWv a\pjy³ ]nd¡p¶Xv. ]n¶oSv Ahs\ cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xn klNcy¯n\v henb kzm[o\apണ്ട­v. sXämb kmlNcy§sf AXnPohn¨v \·bpsS amÀK¯n \S¶p \o§m\pÅ \nÀt±i§fmWv \_n(kz)bneqsS \ÂIs¸« CkvemanepÅXv.
Ckvemw Imcy§Ä
Ckvemw hnizmkhpw IÀ½hpw tNÀ¶XmWv. A©pImcy§fmWv Ckvemansâ ASn¯dsb¶v \_n(kz) ]Tn¸n¨n«p­ണ്ടv. AÃmlphÃmsX Bcm[\¡Àl³ aämcpansöpw apl½Zv(kz) AÃmlphnsâ ZqX\msW¶pw a\ÊpsImണ്ട­pd¸n¨v {]Jym]n¡emWv H¶mas¯ IÀ½w. c­mat¯Xv A©v t\cs¯ \nkvImcw IrXy\njvSXtbmsS \nÀhln¡emWv. aq¶mat¯Xv k¼¯nsâ tXmX\pkcn¨v kImXv sImSp¡epw \memat¯Xv daZm\nse t\m¼\pjvTn¡epw A©mat¯Xv IgnhpÅhÀ IA_bn sN¶v lÖv \nÀhln¡epamWv.
Cuam³ Imcy§Ä
hnizmkImcy§sf Bdv A²ymb§fmbn Xncn¨n«p­ണ്ടv. AÃmlphnepw aeIpIfnepw ssZhnI thZ{KÙ§fnepw ZqX·mcnepw A´yZn\¯nepw AÃmlphn \n¶pÅ \· Xn·Ifmb hn[nbnepw hnizkn¡emWv Ah. Cu hnizmk Imcy§sf AJoZ F¶pw A©p IÀ½Imcy§sf C_mZXv F¶pw ]dbp¶p. Ch¡v ]pdsa AaepÊzmenl (k IÀ½§fpsS {]hÀ¯\hpw) Ckvemansâ `mKamWv.
Hcn¡Â aqkm\_n(A)tbmSv AÃmlp tNmZn¡pIbp­mbn: AÃtbm aqkm, Xm¦Ä F\n¡v thണ്ട­n hÃXpw {]hÀ¯n¨n«pt­ണ്ടm? aqkm\_n(A) ]dªp: Rm³ \nkvIcn¨p, t\ms¼Sp¯p, \n\¡vth­n kvtXm{Xw sNmÃn. At¸mÄ AÃmlp tNmZn¨p: Aà aqkm, Xm¦Ä AaepÊzmenlv hÃXpw {]hÀ¯n¨n«ptണ്ടm? CXv tI« aqkm\_n(A) IcªpsImണ്ട­v tNmZn¨p: F´mWv AaepÊzmenlv F¶v \o F\n¡v Adnbn¨pXcnI. At¸mÄ AÃmlp ]dªp: aqkm, Xm¦Ä hni¶hsâ hni¸v AIänbn«ptണ്ട­m? Zmln¨hsâ Zmlw ian¸n¨n«pt­ണ്ടm? DSpXpWnbnÃm¯h\v hkv{Xw [cn¸n¨n«pt­ണ്ടm? aÀ±nXs\ klmbn¨n«pt­ണ്ടm? ]WvVnXs\ BZcn¨n«pt­ണ്ടm? CsXms¡bmWv k¡Àa§Ä. At¸mÄ hnizmkhpw \nkvImcw t]mepÅ Hu]NmcnI IÀa§fpw \ne\nÀ¯p¶tXmsSm¸w kmaqlnI {]hÀ¯\§fpw P\t£aw ap³ \nÀ¯nbpff tkh\§fpw apkvenamIm³ BhiyamWv.

amÀKZÀi\w Ckvemw
AÃmlp hnip² hN\§fneqsS hyàam¡nb tam£¯nsâ amÀKZÀi\amWv Zo\p Ckvemw. AYhm Ckvemw aXw. BZna a\pjy\mb BZw(A)ans\¯s¶ AXv ]Tn¸n¡m\pÅ BZys¯ A²ym]I\mbn AÃmlp \ntbmKn¨p. AXmbXv thZw \ÂIs¸« BZy s¯ \_nbpw dkqepw ({]hmNI\pw ktµihmlI\pw) Bbncp¶p BZw(A). At±l¯n\v AÃmlp ]¯v GSpIÄ \ÂIn. Hcp sIm¨ptemIambncp¶p BZw \_n(A)ans³d {]t_m[\ taJe.
BZw(A)an\v lÆm _ohn(d)bn \m¸Xv k´XnIfpണ്ട­mbXmbn ]dbs¸Sp¶p. Ccp]Xv BWpw Ccp]Xv s]®pw. ChscÃmw Cc«IfmbmWv {]khn¡s¸«Xv. Chcn iokv (A), \_nbpw dkqepambncp¶p. lÆm¡v BZyw P\n¨Xv Jm_oepw CJveoabpambncp¶p. c­mas¯ {]kh¯n lm_oepw epbqZbpw. BZw \_n(A) Bbncw kwhÕc ¡mew Pohn¨psh¶mWv ]dbs¸Sp¶Xv. A¼XSn hen¸apÅ Znt\mkdpIfnepw Bbnc¡W¡n\v hÀjw \o­ണ്ട AhbpsS BbpÊnepw hnizkn¡p¶ ]cnWma kn²m´nIfpw bpànhmZnIfpw BZw \_n(A) Bbncw hÀjhpw iokv \_n(A) 912 hÀjhpw Pohn¨psh¶v ]dªm hnizkn¡m³ Iq«m¡pIbnÃ; Akw`hyw F¶p ]dªv XÅn¡fbpw!
BZw \_n(A) acn¡pt¼mÄ a¡fpw t]ca¡fpambn \m¸Xn\mbnc¯n\p aosX k´XnIfp­mbncp¶p. Cu am\h Ipe¯nemWv BZw \_n(A)bpw ]ns¶ iokv \_n(A) bpw AXn\p tijw CZvcokv \_n(A)bpw aX{]t_m[\w \S¯nbXv. iokv \_n(A)¡v A³]Xv GSpIfmWv \ÂIs¸«ncp¶Xv. CZvcokv \_n¡v 30Dw. iokv \_n(A)bpsS aI³ \qiv aI³ ssJ\m aI³ alvemCu aI³ bmZv aI³ AJv\qlv (Enoch) BWv Ncn{X]cambn CZvcokv \_n(A).
BZw \_n(A) Pohn¨v acn¨Xv a¡bnembncp¶p. Ime{ItaW BZw k´XnIÄ hÀ²n¨v `qanbpsS CXc `mK§fn hym]n¨p. ChÀs¡Ãmw ssZhnI \nba§Ä ]Tn¸n¡m³ temI¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fn hnhn[ ImeL«§fnembn \nch[n {]hmNI·mÀ \ntbmKn¡s¸«p. Ahcn 313 t]À {]t_m[\ _m[yX \ÂIs¸« {]hmNIcmbncp¶p. kz´amb icoAt¯m ]qÀh {]hmNIcpsS icoAt¯m ChÀ¡v {]t_m[\w sNt¿­Xp­ണ്ടmbncp¶p. Chsc apÀkepIÄ F¶v hnfn¡p¶p. C¯cw 25 apÀkepIfpsS t]cpIÄ am{Xta JpÀB\n ]dªn«pÅq. {]tXyI icoA¯nÃmsX \ntbmKn¡s¸«hsc \_namÀ F¶v am{Xsa ]dbpIbpÅq. ChÀ GXmണ്ട­v Hcp e£¯n Ccp]¯n \membnct¯mfw hcpw. ]e \mSpIfnembn ]e ImeL«§fn \ntbmKn¡s¸« ChscÃmw Ckvemw aXamWv {]Ncn¸n¨Xv. Chcn Ahkm\s¯ \_nbpw dkqepamWv apl½Zv \_n (kz). \_ntbmSpIqSn Ckvemansâ Ahkm\s¯ icoA¯v AhXcn¡s¸«p. \p_pƯv e`n¨v 23 sImámew sIm­mWv CkvemanI icoA¯v k¼qÀWambpw AhXcn¨p In«p¶Xv. lÖXp hZmC JpÀBsâ Ahkm\ kqàw AhXcn¨p.
C¶s¯ Znhkw \n§fpsS aXs¯ Rm³ \n§Ä¡v ]qÀ¯nbm¡n¯¶ncn¡p¶p; Fsâ A\p{Kls¯ Rm³ \n§Ä¡v \ndthän¯cnIbpw Ckvemans\ Rm³ \n§fpsS aXambn Xr]vXns¸SpIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p (5:3).
CtXmsS BZw \_n(A) apX Bcw`n¨ Ckvemw hnhn[ ImeL«§fnse ]cnjvIcW§fneqsS k¼qÀWXbpw imizXoIXbpw ssIhcn¨p. C\n Cu \nba§Ä A¸Sn kzoIcn¡m³ am\hcmin _[yØamWv. bmsXmcp amä¯ncp¯epIfpw hcp¯m³ ]mSnÃ. CXn\p ap¼v h¶ {]hmNI·mcpsS A\pbmbnIfmsW¶v AhImis¸Sp¶ FÃm P\hn`mK§fpw apl½Zv \_n(kz)bnepw At±l¯neqsS AhXcn¨ Ahkm\s¯ icoA¯nepw hnizkn¡Â \nÀ_ÔamWv. apl½Zob icoA¯nsâ BhnÀ`mht¯msS ]qÀh {]hmNI·mcpsS icoA¯pIsfÃmw d±m¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv sIm­ണ്ടv C\n Ckvemsa¶v ]dªm apl½Zob icoA¯v am{XamWv. Cu icoA¯\pkcn¨v Pohn¨m am{Xta a\pjy\v ]ctemI PohnX¯n tam£w e`n¡pIbpÅq. CXns\bmWv kzndm¯p apkv XJow (kXykcWn) AYhm t\Àhgn F¶v hnfn¡p¶Xv. BepCwdm³ kqd¯n ]dbp¶p: \nÝbw, AÃmlphnsâ ASp¡Â kzoImcy tbmKyamb aXw CkvemamIp¶p (3:19). Ckvemw AÃm¯ GsX¦nepw aXs¯ hÃh\pw kzoIcn¨m AXv Ah\n \n¶pw AwKoIcn¡s¸SpIbnÃ. ]ctemI¯n Ah³ \jvS¡mcn s]«h\mbn¯ocpw(3:85). CtX Bibw kqd¯p _Jdbnse 132 mw hN\hpw hyàam¡p¶p: AÃmlp \n§Ä¡v Ckvemw aXs¯ XncsªSp¯v X¶ncn¡p¶p. AXpsIm­ണ്ടv apkvenambn«ÃmsX \n§Ä acn¡cpXv(2:132).
hyXnbm\ Nn´IÄ hnhn[ `mh§fnÂ
Alvep JpÀB³
AlvepÂlJv
Zo³ Cemln
JmZnbm\nkw
_lmCkw
FenPmCIÄ
Imem´c¯n hyXnbm\ Nn´IÄ hnhn[ ZniIfpw `mh§fpw kzoIcn¨p sIm­ണ്ടv hyXykvX kwLS\Ifmbn {]hÀ¯n¨p XpS§n. C¯cw kwLS\Ifn ]eXpw kaql¯n _mly Xe¯n ]e \·Ifpw sNbvXp sImണ്ട­v apt¶dn. X_veoKv PamA¯v C¯c¯n s]« Hcp {]Øm\amWv. Ckvemansâ ktµiw _lpP\§fn F¯n¡pI, apkvenwIsf Bcm[\m IÀa§fn \njvTbpÅhcm¡pI XpS§nb e£y§tfmsS BtKmfmSnØm\¯n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Hcp kwLS\bmWnXv. ChcpsS {]t_m[\w A[nIhpw apkvenwIÄ¡nSbn Xs¶bmWv. ]ÅnIÄ tI{µoIcn¨mWv ChÀ km[mcW {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶Xv. ]ebnS§fnepw ChcpsS {]hÀ¯\w kPohamWv.
C¶s¯ X_veoKpImÀ {]Xy£¯n hyXnbm\ Nn´Ifntes¡m¶pw IS¡mdnÃ. amk§tfmfw \o­ണ്ടp \n¡p¶ AhcpsS {]t_m[\ kvIzmUv {]{hÀ¯\w k\ymk kz`mhw {]ISam¡p¶psh¶XmWv AhÀs¡Xnsc s]s«¶v Btcm]n¡s¸Smhp¶ Ipäw. F¶m KpcpXcamb Bib hyXnbm\§Ä Cu {]Øm\¯n Isണ്ട­¯mhp¶XmWv. Cu {]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXm¡Ä C_v\p A_vZp hlvlm_nsâ ISp¯ Bib¡mcmbncp¶p. apl½Zv CÂbmkmWv Cu kwLS\bpsS Øm]I t\Xmhv. At±l¯nâ Kpcphmbncp¶ djoZv AlvaZv KmwtKmlnbpsS BioÀhmZt¯msSbmWv kwLS\ Øm]n¨Xv. KmwtKmlnbpw ta hyànbpsS Bib¡mc\mbncp¶p. X_veoKv PamA¯nsâ _mlyamb `àn{]IS\§fn BIrjvScmbn AXn kPohambn ]s¦Sp¡p¶ km[mcW¡mÀ Cu kwLS\bpsS DÂ`hs¯ ¡pdn¨pw Bib hyXnbm\§sf ¡pdn¨pw A[nIw Nn´n¡mdnÃ. AÃmlp FÃmhÀ¡pw kXyw ImWn¨p sImSp¡s«.
Alvep JpÀB³
XnI¨pw CkvemanI hr¯¯n \n¶pw ]pd¯v t]mb hyXnbm\ Nn´Ifpw hncfaÃ. lZokv \ntj[nIÄ Ckvemansâ t]cn kwLSnXambn¯s¶ {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶p. ChÀ hntijn¸n¡s¸SmdpÅXv Alvep JpÀB³ F¶ t]cnemWv. AJnetemImSnØm\¯n ChcpsS F®w hfsc ]cnanXamsW¦nepw Ht«sd i_vZ tImemle§Ä krjvSn¡m³ ChÀ¡v Ignªn«pണ്ട­v. tIcf¯n JpÀB³ kp¶¯v skmsskän F¶ t]cnemWv ChÀ {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶Xv. JpÀB³ am{Xw Bkv]Zam¡nbmWv Pohnt¡ണ്ട­sX¶mWv ChcpsS hmZw. ]©m_n Pohn¨ncp¶ Kpemw AlvaZv ]Àthjv Cu Nn´m KXnbpsS {][m\ BNmcy\mWv. tIcf¯n auehn apl½Zv A_p lk³ F¶ tNI\qÀ auehn Cu Nn´sb hfÀ¯m³ Gsd ]cn{ian¡pIbpണ്ട­mbn. BZyIme¯v apPmlnZv hàmhmbncp¶ At±lw {ItaW Alvep JpÀB\nbmbn ]cnWan¡pIbmbncp¶p. A©p t\c§fnse \nkvImcw aq¶v kab§fn \nÀhln¨m aXnsb¶Xv Alvep JpÀB\nIfpsS {][m\ hmZ§fnsem¶mWv. A_qlpssdd(d) XpS§nb kz lm_n {]apJ·mscbpw Camw _pJmcn(d)sb t]mepÅ Xm_nDIsfbpw AhÀ IÅ·mcmbn ap{Z Ip¯n. Cu {]Øm\¯n\v ]t£, apkvenw temI¯v kzm[o\sam¶pw krjvSn ¡m³ km[n¨n«nÃ.
AlvepÂlJv
aXhr¯¯n \n¶v CXv t]mse ]pd¯p NmSnb asämcp Nn´mKXn¡mcmWv Alvep lJv. CXv inbm hn`mK¯nse Gsd ]ng¨ Hcp Xo{hhmZnkwLamWv. AenCemln F¶ ioCu hyXnbm\ Nn´mKXn¡mcpsS Hcp hnaX hn`mKamWv ChÀ. Cdm\nepw CdmJnepw Iണ്ട­phcp¶ Hcp \yq\]£amWv ChÀ. AÃmlphn\v Ggv AhXmc§fps­¶v ChÀ {]Ncn¸n¡p¶p. Chsc k_vCIÄ F¶pw hnfn¡mdp­ണ്ടv. Chcn \n¶v thÀs]«pt]mb asämcp hn`mKamWv C_mlnIÄ. kÀÆX{´kzX{´cmbn Pohn¡pI F¶XmWv ChcpsS ASnØm\ X¯zw. PohnX¯n H¶pw \ntj[n¡s¸«n«nÃ. FÃmw A\phZ\obamWv F¶v ChÀ {]Ncn¸n¡p¶p. a[y]uckvXy \mSpIfn aXapà PohnXw \bn¡p¶hsc C_mln¿ F¶mWv sam¯¯n hnfn¨p hcp¶Xv.
Zo³ Cemln
apKÄ N{IhÀ¯nbmbncp¶ AIv_dnsâ sIm«mc ]WvVnX\mbncp¶ A_pÂ^fvÂ, N{IhÀ¯nbpsS \nÀt±i{]Imcw Dണ്ട­m¡nb ]pXnb aXamWv Zo³ Cemln. C´ybnse hnhn[ aX§fnse BNmc§Ä kmwioIcn¨pണ്ടm¡n bXmWnXv. ]t£, AIv_dnsâ acWt¯msS Zo³Cemlnbpw acn¨p. ]¯n Xmsg A\pbmbnIsf Cu aX¯n\v D­vണ്ടmbpÅq.
JmZnbm\nkw
Ckvemw aX¯nsâ cq]hpw `mhhpapÅ Hcp ]pXnb aXamWv AlvaZn¿ PamA¯v AYhm JmZnbm\nkw. aoÀkm Kpemw AlvaZv JmZnbm\n Øm]n¨ aXamWnXv. 19mw \qäm­ണ്ടnsâ Ahkm\ Ime¯mWv aoÀkm Cu aX¯n\v cq]w \ÂInbXv. apkvenwIsf C´y³ kzX{´y kac¯n \n¶v {i² Xncn¨phnSm³ {_n«ojpImÀ Hcp¡nb sIWnbmbncp¶p Cu ]pXnb aXw. Xm³ {InkvXphnsâ AhXmcamsW¶pw A´y\mfn {]Xy£s¸Spsa¶v apkvenwIÄ hnizkn¡p¶ alvZnbmsW¶pw A´y{]hmNIsâ icoA¯v IenbpK¯n hymJym\n¡m³ ssZh¯m \ntbmKn¡s¸« ]pXnb icoA¯nÃm¯ \_nbmsW¶psams¡ aoÀkm hmZn¨p. Xs¶ fnÃp\_o AYhm {]hmNIsâ \ng Fs¶ms¡ At±lw hntijn¸n¨p. Po_vcoÂ(A) aptJ\ X\n¡v hlvbv e`n¡p¶psണ്ട¶pw At±lw AhImis¸«p. 19mw \qäm­nemWv aoÀkm \_nbmsW¶v AhImis¸«Xv. CkvemanI icoA¯n Gsd hyXnbm\§sfm¶pw hcp¯m³ aoÀkmKpemw AlvaZv JmZnbm\n {ian¨n«nÃ. ]e Imcy§fnepw Alvte lZoknsâ hmZKXnIfmWv Bt±lw kzoIcn¨pt]m¶Xv. F¶m ZÖm Xohണ്ടnbmsW¶pw bAvPqPv, aAvPqPv djybpw Atacn¡bpamsW¶psams¡ At±lw hyJym\n¨p. C¶v temI¯v cണ്ട­p tImSntbmfw JmZnbm\nIfpണ്ട­v. ]n¡me¯v ChÀ emtlmcnIsf¶pw JmZnbm\nIsf¶pw c­ണ്ടmbn ]ncnªp. emtlmcnIÄ At±ls¯ Ccp]Xmw \qämണ്ട­nse apkvenw ]cnjvIÀ¯mhmbn AwKoIcn¡p¶p.
_lmCkw
ssZhw GI\pw Aen(d) ssZh¯nsâ I®mSnbpamsW¶v {]Ncn¸n¨psImണ്ട­v Cdm\nse ioCIfnse Hcp Ahm´c hn`mK¯nÂs¸« Aenapl½Zv iodmkn Xm³ ssZh¯nte¡pÅ hmXmb\amsW¶v hmZn¨p sImണ്ട­v _m_v aXw Øm]n¨p. _m_v F¶ ]Z¯n\v hmXmb\w F¶v AÀYw. Ct±l¯n\v kaÀYcmb c­ണ്ടv A\pbmbnIfp­ണ്ടmbncp¶p. aoÀ kmblvbm \qcnbpw aoÀkmlpssk³ Aen \qcnbpambncp¶p AhÀ. Chcn lpssk³ Aen \qcn Xsâ 33mas¯ hbÊnemWv _m_v aX¯n tNÀ¶Xv.]n¡me¯v At±lw _lmDÃm Bbn {]Jy]n¨p. Ct±lw 1892 tabv 29\v sImÃs¸«p. Ct±l¯nsâ A\pbmbnIfmWv _lmCIÄ F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. Ckveman \n¶pw, CXc aX§fn \n¶pw ]e XXz§fpw ka\zbn¸n¨psImണ്ട­v {]tXyI Bcm[\m apdIÄ an\sªSp¯psImണ്ട­pÅ aXamWv _lmCkw.
FenPmCIÄ
Atacn¡bnse Idp¯ hÀK¡mcpsS tamN\¯n\v thണ്ട­n {ian¨ FenPm]qse Ckvemans\ Hcp hntamN\ {]Øm\ambn¡ണ്ട­v AXn hnizkn¨v {]hÀ¯n¡m³ XpS§n. t»¡v apkvenwkv Fs¶mcp {]Øm\¯n\v Xs¶ At±lw cq]w \ÂIn. ]t£, At±lw hnizmk§fnepw IÀ½§fnepw Ckveman \n¶pw Gsd hyXnNen¨ncp¶p. aoÀkm Kpemans\t¸mse At±lhpw \p_pƯv hmZn¨p. am¡w FIvkv Ct±l¯nsâ {][m\ A\pbmbnbmbncp¶p. 1946 PbneneS¡s¸« am¡w FIvkv, FenPmapl½Zn sâ \mj³ Hm^v Ckvemapambn _Ôs¸«p \ot{Km apkvenwIfpsS kap¶X t\Xmhmbn amdn. ]n¶oSv FenPmbpambn sXän. {ItaW At±lw icnbmb Ckvemansâ {]tbmàmhmbn amdn. AÂlmPv amen¡v AÈlv_mkv F¶ ]pXnb t]À kzoIcn¨p.
C§s\ Ckvemans\ Iq«p]nSn¨p sIm­ണ്ടv Ignª c­ണ്ടv aq¶v \qäm­pIfnembn Hcp]mSv \qX\ Nn´mKXnIfpw Ckveman\v \nc¡m¯ ]pXnb hnNmc [mcIfpw cwK¯v h¶p. JpÀB\pw Xncpkp¶¯pw AC½¯pIfpsS amÀK§fpw Ahew_n¨p sIm­ണ്ടv am{Xsa C¯cw kmlNcy§fn bYmÀY Ckvemans\ DÄs¡mffm³ \ap¡v km[n¡pIbpÅq. \_n(kz) bpw klm_¯pw Pohn¨ ]mX AXv am{XamWv kXyZo³.