Wednesday, December 15, 2010

mad'hab മദ്ഹബ് , ഇജ്തിഹാദ് , മുജ്തഹിദ് ,



aZvl_nsâ CamapIÄ \mept]cmWv. Chcn {]Ya³ A_ql\o^ (d) bmWv. lnPvd 80 emWv At±l¯nsâ P\\w. alm·mcmb kzlm_¯n ]ecpw Pohn¨ncn¸pÅ ImeL«ambncp¶p AXv. hnÚm\§fnepw `ànbnepw temI {]kn²cmb A_vZpÃmln_v\p ap_mdIv, Camw ssekv, Camw amenIv XpS§nbhÀ Ct±l¯nsâ injy·mcs{X. temI¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fn A[nhkn¡p¶ Ct±l¯nsâ A\pbmbnIÄ "l\^nIÄ' F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶p. lnPvd 150  At±lw acn¡pt¼mÄ Xs¶ At±l¯nsâ aZvl_v ]SÀ¶p ]´en¨n«pImbncp¶p.
A_q l\o^ (d) bpsS injy\mb Camw amenIv (d) AhÀIfmWv ZznXob³. lnPvd 95  At±lw P\n¨p. 179  h^mXmbn. At±lw Fgp¶qtdmfw Kpcphcycn \n¶v hnÚm\ k¼mZ\w \S¯nbn«pIv. Ahcn ap¶qdv t]À Xm_nDIfmbncp¶p. Fgp]Xp ]WvVnX·mÀ ^Xvhm \ÂIp¶Xn\v Xm³, AÀl\mbn«psI¶v km£yw hln¨ tijw am{XamWv ^Xvhm \ÂIm³ XpS§nbXv. Hcp cmPmhnsâ ]SnhmXn¡se¶ t]mse hnÚm\ ZmlnIfmbn injy·mÀ lZokpw ^nJvlpw ]Tn¡p¶Xn\p thIn At±l¯nsâ hmXn¡ XSn¨p IqSmdpImbncp¶p. Camw im^nsbt¸msebpÅ ]e alm]WvVnX·mcpw At±l¯nsâ injycn s]Sp¶p. Camansâ Kpcp\mY·mcn knwl`mKhpw ]n¶oSv At±l¯nsâ injy·mcmbn¯oÀ¶p F¶Xv At±l¯nsâ khntijXbs{X. At\I hÀjw aZo\bn ]cnip² Zo³ A[ym]\w sNbvXp sImIncp¶p.

XrXob aZvl_pImc\mb Camw im^n (d), amenIv (d) AhÀIfpsS {][m\ injy\mWv. lnPvd 150  Jpssdiv tKm{X¯nse ap¯zen_v hwi¯n P\n¨p. P\\w KÊmbnemsW¦nepw cIp hbÊpÅt¸mÄ a¡bn sImIph¶p. Ggmw hbÊn Xs¶ hnip² JpÀB³ lrZnØam¡nb Camw im^n, ]¯mas¯ hbÊn Camw amen¡nsâ aphXz F¶ lZokp {KÙw a\x]mTam¡pIbpImbn. H¼Xn\mbnc¯n Aªqdp lZokpIfpÅ Hcp _rl¯mb InXm_mbncp¶p AXv. Bbnc¯n Fgp\qdp lZokpIÄ am{XapÅ C¶s¯ aphXzmamenIv  AXnsâ kwt£]w am{XamWv. {lkzImew sImIp Xs¶ At±lw, hnÚm\¯nepw C_mZ¯nepw sFlnI hncànbnepw _p²n ssh`h¯nepw HmÀa iànbnepw t\Xm¡fn t\Xmhpw hn{ipXcn hn{ipX\pambn¯oÀ¶p. ]Xn\©mas¯ hbÊn Xs¶ Xsâ Kpcphcy\pw a¡m ap^vXnbpamb apkvenap_n³ JmenZv ^Xvhm \ÂIp¶Xn\\paXn \ÂIpIbpImbn. Kpc\mY\mb Camw amenIv At±ls¯ AXy[nIw kvt\ln¡pIbpw _lpam\n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. Hchkcw At±lw ]dªp : AÃmlpsh `bs¸SpI. \n\¡v al¯mb `mhnbpIv.

hnÚm\ Zmlnbmbn aZo\bnse¯nb At±lw, Camw amen¡nsâ injyXzw kzoIcn¨p sImIv ZoÀLImew AhnsS Xmakn¨p. Camw amen¡nsâ acW tijw _KvZmZn F¯nt¨À¶p. hnÚm\ k¼mZ\hpw {]NmcWhpw {KÙcN\bpambncp¶p {][m\ tPmen. lnPvd 199  CuPn]vXnse¯n. Xsâ aZvl_n\p A´nacq]w \ÂInbXp ChnsS h¨mWv. ]WvVnX intcmaWnIfpsS I®nep®nbmbn hfÀ¶v h¶ Camw im^n (d), kIescbpw ZpxJ¯nemgv¯n lnPvd 204  Cu temIt¯mSv hnSsNmÃn. \mÂ]tXmfw {KÙ§Ä alm·mcmb ]qÀhnI ]WvVnX·mÀ, Camw im^nbpsS A]Zm\§sf {]IoÀ¯n¨v sImIv FgpXnbn«pIv.

Camw im^nbpsS {][m\ injy\mb AlvaZp_n³ l¼Â (d) BWv NXpÀ aZvl_nsâ CamapIfn \mema³. CkvemanI IÀa imkv{X¯nepw lZoknepw kq£vaXbnepw `ànbnepw C_mZ¯nepw ap¶nembncp¶p Camw. lnPvd 164  _KvZmZn P\n¨ Camw _KvZmZnse ]WvVnX {]apJcn \ns¶Ãmw Adnhp t\Sn¡gnªXn\p tijw hnÚm\kp[bpw tXSn a¡, aZo\, Iq^, _kzd, ba³ imw apXemb Øe§fnseÃmw Ducp Npänbn«pIv. Akmam\yamb HmÀa iànbpsS DSabmb At±lw ]¯pe£w lZokv a\x]mTam¡nbn«pImbncp¶p. _pJmcn, apkvenw, A_qZmhqZv XpS§nb lZokv ]WvVnX·mÀ At±l¯nsâ injy·mcmWv. lnPvd 241  At±l¯nsâ tkh\ \ncXamb PohnX¯n\p XncÈoe hoWp. P\w AWs]m«nsbmgpIn. Ccp]¯nb©v e£w apkvenwIÄ H¶n¨p At±l¯nsâ t]cn P\mk \nkvImcw \S¯n. alm\mb AlvaZp_n³ l¼ensâ A\pbmbnIfmbn l¼enIÄ temI¯nsâ ]e `mK§fnepw [mcmfapIv.

 Adnhnsâ \ndIpS§Ä
aZvl_nsâ CamapIÄ hnÚm\ imJIfnse¶ t]mse lZoknepw AKm[ ]mWvVnXyapÅhcmbncp¶p. Ahcn Ahkm\s¯ Bfmb AlvaZv_v\p l¼en\p Xs¶ ]¯pe£w lZokv a\x]mTapImbncp¶p. At¸mÄ At±l¯nsâ Kpcp\mY\mb Camw im^n¡pw AhcpsS Kpcp\mY\mb Camw amenIn\pw AhcpsS Kpcphmb Camw A_ql\o^¡pw lZokv hnÚm\¯n F{Xam{Xw ]mWvvVnXyapImbncp¶p F¶v Dulnt¡IXmWv. lZokv ]WvVnX·mcn {]apJ\pw hn{ipX\pamb Camw _pJmcn¡p Xs¶ Bdpe£w lZokpItf hiapImbncp¶pÅq.
]n¡me¯p lZokv {KÙ§Ä \nehn h¶psh¦nepw \_n (kz) bn \n¶pw ]c¼cmKXambn alm]WvVnX·mÀ ]Tn¨p h¶ncp¶ lZokpIÄ apgph³ {KÙ§fn Øew ]nSn¨n«nÃ. Camw kpbqYn (d) {]KÛ\mb ]WvVnX\pw {KÙImc\pambncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ anIhpä {KÙ§Ä Aªqdne[nIw hcpsa¶v AÃmam IpÀZn (d) At±l¯nsâ ^Xmh (t]Pv 257) bn tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pIv. Cu alm ]WvVnX\p t]mepw cIp e£w lZokpam{Xta Adnbpambncp¶pÅq. At±lw ]dbp¶p : CXn IqSpX IsI¯n¨psh¦n AXp Rm³ lrZnØam¡pambncp¶p. (Ai±p CPvXnlmZv t]Pv 31).

C¶p \nehnepÅ lZokv {KÙ§sfÃmw HcmÄ a\x]mTam¡nbm Xs¶ im^o aZvl_pImc\mb Camw kpbqYnbpsS lZokv ]mWvVnXyw t]mepw t\Sm³ IgnbnÃ. ImcWw \½psS ap¼nepÅ lZokpIÄ hfsc IpdhmWv. hn{ipX lZokv {KÙamb _pJmcnbn Xs¶ BhÀ¯\samgn¨m 2,761 lZokpItf DÅpsh¶v C_v\p lPdn AkvJem\n (d) Xsâ lZvbpÊmcn F¶ {KÙ¯n (t]Pv 465) kaÀYn¨n«pIv. \membncw F¶p NneÀ ]dªn«psI¦nepw AXp icnbsöp At±lw kpZoÀLamb NÀ¨bneqsS sXfnbn¨ncn¡p¶p. kzlolp apkvenan BhÀ¯\samgn¨m \membncw lZokpIfmWpÅXv (anÀJm¯v 1þ19). Ahbn Ht«sd lZokpIÄ _pJmcnbn D²cn¨h Xs¶bmWv.

C{]Imcw Xs¶bmWv aäp lZokp {KÙ§fpsSbpw \ne. Npcp¡¯n aZvl_nsâ CamapIfpsS A{X hnhcapÅ Hcp ]WvVnX³ C\n hcnÃ. A´yZn\w hsc DImhnÃ. DImhm³ amÀKanÃ. AXp sImIv Xs¶ Adnhpw XJvhbpw hnthIhpapÅhscms¡ B hnÚm\ kap{Z§sf ]n³]än Pohn¨p. Cu BÚXbpsSbpw ^nXv\bpsSbpw bpK¯n Pohn¡p¶ \mw Ahsc hn«p kzbw KthjWw \S¯nbm F´mbncn¡pw `hnjy¯v?

aZvl_v kzoIcn¡Â \nÀ_Ôw

Xncp\_n (kz) bpsS PohnX coXn H¸nsbSp¯ bYmÀY amXrIm ]pcjcmWv kzlm_x. AhcpsS kphÀWIme¯v apPvXlnZpIÄ CPvXnlmZv sN¿pIbmWv sNbvXncp¶Xv (apkvXkzv^m 2þ108). kzlm_¯n\p tijhpw Cu k{¼Zmbw \ncmt£]w XpSÀ¶p t]m¶p. alm\mb imlv henbpÃmln (d) tcJs¸Sp¯nbXp ImWpI : kzlm_¯nsâ Imew apX \mep aZvl_pIÄ {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xphsc, P\§Ä kuIcys¸« ]WvVnX·msc XJveoZp sNbvXp sImIncp¶p. ]cnKW\ob\mb HcmfpsSbpw Bt£]w A¡mcy¯nepImbncp¶nÃ. {]kvXpX XJveoZv sXämbncp¶psh¦n AhcXp \ntcm[n¡pambncp¶p'' (CJvZpÂPoZv).

apPvXlnZpIÄ \ndsªmgpInb ImeL«ambncp¶p BZy \qämIpIÄ.CjvSapÅhtcmSv tNmZn¡m\pw Ahsc XJveoZp sNbvXp {]hÀ¯n¡m\pwkuIcyapImbncp¶p. Ime{Ia¯n apPvXlnZpIfpsS F®w Ipdªp h¶p. DÅhsc A\pKan¡m³ kapZmbw \nÀ_ÔnXcmbn. apPvXlnZpIÄ ]n³XeapdIfpsS c£¡mbn X§fpsS aZvl_pIÄ tcJs¸Sp¯n sh¡m³ XpS§n. ]ecpw tcJs¸Sp¯nsb¦nepw hnÚm\ kap{Z§fpw P\k½Xcpamb \mep CamapIfpsS aZvl_pIÄ am{XamWv ]qÀWambn enJnX cq]¯n Ahtijn¡pIbpw hnizkvXcmb ]WvVnX XeapdIÄ aptJ\ e`n¡pIbpw sNbvXXv. A§s\ AÃmlphnsâ ap³ \nÝb {]Imcw \mep aZvl_pIÄ k¼qÀWambn Ahtijn¡pIbpw aäpÅh A{]Xy£amhpIbpw sNbvXp.
IÀa imkv{X¯nÂ, At¸mÄ \mensemcp aZvl_v kzoIcn¡Â \nÀ_Ôambn¯oÀ¶p. A©mas¯ Hcp aZvl_v kapZmb¯nsâ ap¼nenà F¶Xp Xs¶ ImcWw. Camw kp_vIn (d) At±l¯nsâ \nZm\imkv{X {KÙ¯n ]dbp¶p : ""km[mcW¡mc\pw CPvXnlmZnsâ ]Zhn {]m]n¨n«nÃm¯ aäp hyànIÄ¡pw apPvXlnZpIfpsS aZvl_pIfn Hcp \nÝnX aZvl_v kzoIcn¡Â \nÀ_ÔamWv F¶XmWv icnbmb A`n{]mbw (PwD PhmanAv 2þ440).

CPvXnlmZv

Cl]c hnPb¯n\p thIn, kXy hnizmk¯neq¶n \n¶p sImIv, PohnXw \bn¡p¶Xn\p  Bhiyamb ssZhnI \nba hyhØbmWv aXw F¶v ]dbp¶Xv. "AÃmlphn¦Â kzoImcyamb aXw CkvemamIp¶p; \nÝbw' (hn.Jp. 3:19). Ckvemw AÃm¯Xns\ hà hyànbpw aXambn tXSnbm Ahsâ ]¡Â \n¶p AXp kzoIcn¡s¸SpIbnÃ. Ah³ ]ctemI¯v \jvS_m[nXcpsS Iq«¯nes{X' (hn.Jp. 3:85). At¸mÄ ku`mKy¯nsâ amÀKw Ckvemw aXmtÇjw am{XamWv. AXnsâ \ntj[w ZuÀ`mKy¯nsâ ImcWhpw. ]t£, F´mWo Ckvemw? AXmWtÃm a\pjys\ kp`Kt\m ZpÀ`Kt\m B¡p¶Xv. a\pjy³ kzÀ¤¯ntem \cI¯ntem F¶p Xocpam\n¡p¶Xv. tIhe a\pjy\mbn Pohn¨Xp sImtIm \à t]cn Adnbs¸«Xp sImtIm HcmÄ apkvenamhnà F¦n F´mWv Ckvemw? AXp BZÀiamWv; iàamb BZÀiw. hnizmkamWv AXnsâ AkvXnhmcw. hnizmk¯n\\pkrXamb {]hÀ¯\amWv AXnsâ apJap{Z. AJne NcmNc hkvXp¡sfbpw krjvSn¨p, ImcpWy ]qÀhw AS¡n `cn¡p¶ dºn\p Iogvs¸SpIbmWv AXnsâ cXv\ Npcp¡w. A\pkcWhpw IogvhW¡hpamWv Ckvemw F¶ ]Z¯nsâ Xs¶ AÀYw. AÃmlphnsâ Zo\ns\ PohnX kcWnbmbn kzoIcn¨h\mWv apkvenw.

 JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw
Hcp apkvenw Ahsâ PohnX¯nsâ FÃm hi§fnepw Ckvemans\ A\p[mh\w sN¿m³ _m[yØ\mWv. CjvSm\pkcWw Nne `mK§Ä kzoIcn¡pIbpw aäp `mK§Ä XnckvIcn¡pIbpw sN¿mhXÃ. AXv ss]imNnI amÀKamWv. kXy hnizmknIsf, \n§Ä Ckveman ]qÀWambn {]thin¡pI, ]nimNnsâ ImÂ]mSpIsf \n§Ä A\pKan¡cpXv. AhÀ \n§Ä¡p {]Xy£ i{XphmIp¶p' (hn.Jp.2:208).
PohnX¯nsâ AJne {]iv\§fpw CkvemanI icoA¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nemWv ]cnlcnt¡IXv. CkvemanI \nbahyhØnXnbpsS aqe t{kmXÊv hnip² JpÀB\mWv. ]t£, JpÀB³ AXnsâ bYmÀY hymJym\amb kp¶t¯mSp IqSn am{Xta {]amWamhpIbpÅq. Bhiyamb hniZoIcW§tfmSv IqSn, kmµÀ`nIambn P\§Ä¡p ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xn\v thInbmWv hnip² JpÀB³ L«w L«ambn \_n (kz) ¡p AhXcn¸n¡s¸«Xv.
""P\§Ä¡p AhXcn¸n¡s¸« Imcyw AhÀ¡v hniZoIcn¨p sImSp¡p¶Xn\p thInbpw AhÀ Nn´n¡p¶Xn\p thInbpw JpÀB³ Xm¦Ä¡p \mw AhXcn¸n¨p (hn.Jp 16:44).
At¸mÄ AÃmlphnsâbpw dkqens\bpw A\pkcn¡Ww. AYhm JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw kzoIcn¡Ww. AXpcIpamWv Ckvemansâ aqe{]amW§Ä. Ah apdpsI ]nSn¨p Pohn¡pt¼msgm¶pw kapZmbhpw hyànbpw hgn ]ng¡nÃ. \_n (kz) bpsS {]kvXmh\ hfsc {it²bamWv.
""cIp Imcy§Ä \n§fn hnt«¨p sImImWv Rm³ t]mIp¶Xv. Ah apdpsI ]nSn¨p sImIncn¡pt¼msgm¶pw \n§Ä hgn ]ng¡nÃ. \nÝbw AÃmlphnsâ {KÙhpw ZqXsâ kp¶¯pas{X B cIp Imcy§Ä'' (aphXzm).

 CPvXnlmZnsâ BhiyIX
JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw shfn¨w \ÂIm¯ Hcp ImcyhpanÃ. a\pjysâ sFlnIhpw ]mc{XnIhpamb A`ypZb¯n\p BhiyapÅ kIe hn[nhne¡pIfpw JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepapIv. F¶m ]e Imcy§fpw kv]jvSambn«mWv ]dªn«pÅsX¦n aäp ]e Imcy§fpw Akv]jvSambn«mWv ]dªn«pÅXv. Cu Ahyà Imcy§Ä _p²nbpw hnhchpapÅhÀ¡v KthjWw sNbvXp IIp ]nSn¡mhp¶ coXnbnemWv h¨n«pÅXv. C¯cw KthjW ]camb Imcy§sf tbmKyX t\Snb hyànIÄ JpÀB\n \n¶pw kp¶¯n \n¶pw IIp ]nSns¨Sp¡p¶Xn\mWv "CPvXnlmZv' F¶v ]dbp¶Xv. Camw KÊmenbpsS \nÀÆN\w ImWpI. "aX]camb hn[nIsf Ipdn¨p, Adnhp tXSp¶Xn Hcp apPvXlnZv Xsâ Ignhp hn\ntbmKn¡p¶Xn\mWv "CPvXnlmZv' F¶v ]dbp¶Xv (apkvXkzv^m 2 :101).

l{k¯v apBZp_n³ P_en (d) s\ ba\nte¡p (KhÀWdmbn) dkq Xncpta\n (kz) \ntbmKn¨t¸mÄ AhnSp¶v tNmZn¨p: "hà {]iv\hpw ap¼n h¶m Xm¦Ä F§s\ hn[n¡pw?' Rm³ AÃmlphnsâ {KÙw sImIp hn[n¡pw.' apBZv ]dªp. AÃmlphnsâ {KÙ¯n \o IInsænÂ? \_n (kz) tNmZn¨p. "AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNIsâ kp¶¯p sImIp hn[n¡pw?' At±lw {]XnhNn¨p. "{]hmNIsâ kp¶¯nepw \o IInsæntem?' Xncpta\n hoIpw tNmZn¨p. "Rm³ H«pw hogvNhcp¯msX Fsâ _p²n D]tbmKn¨p CPvXnlmZv sN¿pw' F¶v apBZv (d) adp]Sn \ÂInbt¸mÄ \_n (kz) At±l¯nsâ amdnS¯n X«ns¡mIv C{]Imcw ]dªp :
AÃmlphnsâ ZqXsâ ZqX\p, AÃmlphnsâ ZqX³ CjvSs¸Sp¶ Imcy¯n\p klmbw \ÂInb  AÃmlphn\s{X kIe kvXpXnbpw!' (XpÀapZn, A_qZmhpZv, Zmcnan).
C{]Imcw CPvXnlmZv sN¿Â A\phZ\obamsW¶ Imcy¯n ]cnKW\obcmb ]WvVnX·mÀ¡nSbn ]£m´canÃ. "JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepw ]WvVnX {]kvXmh\bnÃm¯ GsXmcp kw`h¯nepw _p²n D]tbmKn¨p CPvXnlmZv \S¯n hn[n IsI¯msa¶Xn kzlm_¯v GIIWvTambn GtIm]n¨ncn¡p¶psh¶Xv CPvXnlmZn\v sXfnhmIp¶p (apkvXkzv^m 2 : 57).

 apPvXlnZnsâ tbmKyXIÄ
Hcp apPvXlnZv, JpÀB³, kp¶¯v, CPvamAv, Jnbmkv F¶o ASnØm\ {]amW§sf Ipdn¨v ]qÀWamb Adnhp t\Snbh\mbncn¡Ww. JpÀB\n B½v, JmÊzv, apPvaÂ, ap_¿³, apXzveJv, apJ¿Zv, \Êzv, fmlnÀ, \mknJv, a³kqJv, aplvIw, apXim_nlv F¶o C\§sf Ipdn¨pw lZokn apXhmXnÀ, BlmZv, aÀ^qAv, auJq^v, apÀk BZnbmb hn`mK§sfIpdn¨pw lZokv dnt¸mÀ«ÀamcpsS _em_es¯¡pdn¨pw hyàamb Úm\w IcØam¡nbncn¡Ww.

CPvamCs\ Hcn¡epw adnIS¡m³ ]mSnÃm¯Xp sImIv, ap³KmanIfpsSsbÃmw A`n{]mbKXnIÄ a\Ênem¡pIbpw thWw. am{XaÃ, JpÀB\nsâbpw kp¶¯nsâbpw `mjbmb Ad_nbnÂ, `mjm imkv{Xw, ]tZmÂ]¯n imkv{Xw, hymIcW imkv{Xw, kmlnXy imkv{Xw F¶o imJIfn sshZKv[yhpw _p²n ssh`hhpw BhiyamWv. Cu IgnhpIsfÃmw H¯nW§nb HcmÄ¡v am{Xta CPvXnlmZn¶[nImcapÅq.
At¸mÄ CPvXnlmZv £n{]km²yamb Hcp ImcyaÃ; AÃmlphnsâ {]tXyIm\p{Kl¯n\p `mP\§fmbn¯ocp¶ alm hyànIÄ¡p am{Xw km[n¡p¶ hfsc {iaIcamb {]hÀ¯\amWv. IgnhnÃm¯hÀ At¸mÄ F´p sN¿pw? IgnhpÅhsc A\pKan¡pI Xs¶. AÃmlp ]dbp¶p : \n§Ä hnhcanÃm¯hcmsW¦n hnhcapÅhtcmSv tNmZn¡pI'' (hnip² JpÀB³ : 21:7, 16 : 43).

CPvXnlmZnsâ A\nhmcyX

 CPvXnlmZv F¶m F´v?
\n_Ô\sbm¯ IÀ½ imkv{X ]WvVnX³ (^Jolv) lpIvav (hn[n) kw_Ôambn Hcp `mh\bnse¯p¶Xn\v thIn Xsâ FÃm ]cn{ia§fpw \o¡nsh¡p¶Xn\mWv CPvXnlmZv F¶v ]dbp¶Xv (PwD PhmanAv 2:379).

 Ft¸mgmWv CPvXnlmZv A\nhmcyamhpI?
FÃm Imcy§fpw DÄs¡mI JpÀB\pw lZokpw \½psS ssIhiapsI¦nepw ]e Imcy§fpw {]Xy£ambn Ahbn hyàam¡nbn«nÃ. JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepw ]dª hym]ImÀYapÅ {]tbmK§fn \n¶pw Ah IsI¯pIbmWv thIXv. cInsâbpw _mly {]tbmK§fn \n¶v Ah a\Ênem¡m³ km[yamhpIbnÃ. \_n (kz) ]dªp: ""A\phZn¡s¸«Xpw \njn²am¡¸«Xpamb (Ipsd) Imcy§Ä hyàamWv.CXv cIn\panSbn hn[nIÄ Xncn¨dnbm\mIm¯ Nne hnjb§fpIv. P\§fn `qcn]£¯n\pw AXdnbnÃ'' (_pJmcn).

Camw C_v\p lPÀ (d) Cu lZokv C§s\ hymJym\n¡p¶p. ""\nÀ®bamb hn[n hyàamIm¯Xnt\mSv AXv kmayambXv sImIv Xncn¨dnbmsXbmbncn¡p¶p. P\§fn `qcn]£¯n\pw AXv "lemenÂ' s]«tXm "ldmanÂ' s]«tXm F¶dnbnÃ. A[nIt]À¡pw AdnbnsöXnsâ XmÂ]cyw AhbpsS hn[nIÄ Ipd¨pt]Às¡¦nepw Adnbpsa¶mWv. AhcmWv apPvXlnZpIÄ'' (^Xvlp _mcn 1:127). Cu kmlNcy¯n hn[nIÄ IsI¯m³ CPvXnlmZv am{XamWv hgn.
FÃm hnjb§fpsSbpw \nÀ®mbI hn[n DÄs¡mÅp¶ JpÀB\nepw AXnsâ hymJym\amb kp¶¯nepw,B[p\nIbpK¯n DImbns¡mIncn¡p¶ ]pXnb  ]pXnb hnjb§sf kw_Ôn¨v hyàambn ]dbmXncn¡pt¼mÄ Ckvemw k¼qÀ®asöv ]dtbInhcpw. temI¯v \S¡m\ncn¡p¶ GsXmcp hnjb¯nsâbpw hn[nIÄ apPvXlnZpIÄ hc¨p Im«nbn«pIv. temI¯v \S¡m\ncn¡p¶ GsXmcp hnjb¯nsâbpw hn[n AhÀ ]cmaÀin¡msX t]mbn«nÃ. CXv Camap ldssa\n (d) Xs¶ {]kvXmhn¨n«pIv. `{Zamb ASnØm\ \nba§fpw hym]vXn IqSnb [mcmfw hniZoIcW§fpw AhÀ tcJs¸Sp¯n sh¨Xn\m tijapImIp¶ bmsXmcp {]iv\¯n\pw ]cnlmcw IsI¯m³ ]n¡me ]WvVnXÀ¡v {]bmks¸tSIn hcnÃ. FÃm apPvXlnZpIfpsSbpw Imetijw, C¶v Pohn¡p¶ kaql¯nepImIp¶ ]pXnb {]iv\§Ä¡v ]cnlmcw ImtWIXv IÀ½ imkv{X {KÙ§fn \S¯p¶ "_lvkv' aptJ\bmWv.

 sXfnhpIfn ImWp¶ sshcp²yw
CPvXnlmZv A\nhmcyam¡p¶ asämcp LSIamWv sXfnhpIfn ImWp¶ sshcp²yw. Nne hnjb§fn sXfnhpIÄ ]ckv]cw FXncmb cq]¯n ImWmhp¶ XmWv. ChnsS cIv sXfnhpIfpw icnbmsW¦nepw cInsem¶v btYjvSw XncsªSp¡m³ ]mSnÃ. Cu XncsªSp¸mWv CPvXnlmZv. CXn\p Ipsd tbmKyXIÄ DImbncn¡Ww.  km[mcW¡mÀ¡v ChbnÃm¯Xn\m Hcp apPvXlnZns\ AwKoIcn¡pItb \nÀhmlapÅq.

]ckv]cw FXncmb Bib§Ä Ipdn¡p¶ cIp lZokpIÄ ImWpI. \_n (kz) ]dbp¶p: ""enwKw kv]Àin¨h³ hpfqAv FSp¡Ww''. Cu Bibs¯ FXnÀ¡p¶ asämcp lZokv C{]ImcamWv. ""enwKw kv]Àin¨m hpfqAv apdnbptamsb¶ tNmZy¯n\v, \_n (kz) ]dbp¶p. AXv \nsâ icoc¯n s]« Hcp amwk ]nWvVatÃ?''. C§s\bpÅ sshcp²y§Ä lZokpIfn kw`hn¡pt¼mÄ apPvXlnZpIfmWv Ah ssIImcyw sNt¿IXv. DZmlcW¯n\v, Camw im^nCu (d) enwK kv]Àiw hpfqAv apdn¡psa¶v ]dbpt¼mÄ, AhÀ KthjW¯n\v Ahew_n¡p¶ "DkzqÂ' (\nZm\imkv{Xw) ASnØm\am¡n cImas¯ lZokn\p hniZoIcWw \ÂIWw.
Camw  A_q l\o^ (d) enwK kv]Àiw hpfqAv apdn¡nsöv ]dbpt¼mÄ H¶mw lZokn\v Ahcpw thsd hymJym\w IsI¯Ww. \n_Ô\sbm¯ apPvXlnZn\v am{Xw km[yamIp¶ ImcyamWnXv. HcSnØm\ hnjbw ChnsS {]tXyIambn HmÀ¯n cn¡Ww. JpÀB\nepw ]¯p e£¯nÂ]cw lZokpIfnepamWv Hcp apPvXlnZnsâ KthjWw \St¡IXv. Chbn JpÀB\pw Hcp e£¯n Xmsg lZokpIfpamWv \½psS ssIhiapÅXv. e`yamb lZokpIÄ Xs¶ ]qÀ®ambn kzlolmbn Øncs¸«XpaÃ. Ahtijn¡p¶ H¼Xv e£w lZokpIÄ IqSn am\ZWvVam¡nbmWv CamapIÄ KthjWw \S¯nbn«pÅXv. Ch amän \nÀ¯nbpÅ CPvXnlmZv A]qÀ®ambncn¡psa¶Xn ktµltabnÃ.

B[p\nI temIw A`napJoIcn¡p¶ FÃm {]i\§Ä¡papÅ {]Xnhn[ IÀ½ imkv{X {KÙ§fn e`n¡pw. Ah IsI¯m\pÅ Ignhv \mw t\SnsbSp¡Ww.
AÃmlp ]dbp¶p: ""`btam \nÀ`btam DIm¡p¶ Hcp Imcyw kwPmXambm AhÀ AXv sIm«ntLmjn¡p¶p. dkqente¡pw DepÂAwdn (apPvXlnZpIÄ) te¡pw AXns\ AhÀ hn«p sImSp¯ncps¶¦n KthjW ]mShapÅ AhÀ AXns\ kw_Ôn¨v Adnbpambncp¶p''(\nkmAv 83).

Cu kqà¯nsâ hniZocW¯n Camw dmkn(d) FgpXp¶p: ""{]kvXpX kmlNcy¯n \nÀ®mbI hn[n Adnbm³ Ahsc kao]n¡Wsa¶mWv AÃmlp \njvIÀin¡p¶Xv. JpÀB\nepw lZoknepw AXnsâ hn[n hyàamIm¯XmWnXn\v ImcWw. AXsæn CkvXn¼mXzn (KthjWw) \v Øm\anÃtÃm. AXv sImIv Xs¶ Cu kmlNcy¯n CkvXn¼mXzv (KthjWw) tcJbmsW¶pw AXn\p Ignbp¶hsc km[mW¡mÀ A\pIcn¡Â \nÀ_ÔamsW¶pw Cu kqàw sXfnbn¡p¶p v'' (dmkn 10:200).
JpÀB³ ]dbp¶p: ""kXy hnizmknItf, AÃmlphn\pw dkqen\pw Dep Awdn\pw \n§Ä hgns¸SpI''(\nkmAv 59).
 kqà¯n ]dª DepÂAwdv sImIv hnh£ CPvXnlmZn\v IgnhpÅ ]WvVnX·mcmW¶v X^vkodpXz_cn 2:88epw kp\\p±mcnan 1:40, AÂZpÀdp a³kzqÀ 2:176 epw kzlm_nIfpw Xm_nDIfpamb ]WvVnXsc D²cn¨v sImIv sXfnbn¨n«pIv.
JpÀB\nepw lZoknepw hn[n hyàambn ]dªhbnemWv JpÀBs\bpw kp¶¯ns\bpw A\pkcn¡m³ AÃmlp ]dªXv. JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepw hn[n hyàam¡m¯ Imcy§Ä kw_Ôn¨v JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepw KthjWw \S¯n hn[n IsIIXn\m AXn\v IgnhpÅ DepÂAwdns\ A\pkcn¡pI Xs¶ thWw. hn[n IsI­¯m³ apPvXlnZv \S¯p¶ Hcp kmlknI {]{InbbmWv Jnbmkv.
Jmkn, ap^vXn, CPvXnlmZv
 kapZmb¯n Jmknamcpw ap^vXnamcpapImI \nÀ_ÔamWv. AhÀ kzX{´ apPvXlnZpIfmbncn¡Wsa¶v aX{KÙ§Ä D]m[n \nÝbn¨n«pIv. At¸mÄ KthjWmÀlX t\SpIsb¶Xp s]mXp_m[yX þ ^Àfp In^mb BsW¶pw AXp t\Snbnsæn kaqlw H¶n¨p Ipä¡mcs\¶pw hcntÃ?
hcnÃ; A§s\ hcm³ km[yXbnÃ. ap^vXnbpw Jmknbpw apPvXlnZpIfmIWsa¶p ]dª ]WvVnX·mÀ Xs¶, apPvXlnZpIfnÃm¯ kmlNcy¯nÂ, apJÃnZpIÄ aZvl_nsâ hr¯¯n HXp§n \n¶p sImIv A¡mcyw \nÀhln¡Wsa¶v tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pIv. AhKW\ sImtIm A{i² sImtIm Aà ]n¡me¯v apPvXlnZpIfpImImsX t]mbXv, {]XypX hnÚm\ k¼mZ\¯n\p thIn BßmÀYambn PohnXw Dgnªpsh¨ {]Xn`mimenIÄ¡p t]mepw B Øm\w {]m]n¡m³ km[n¡msX hcnIbmWpImbXv.
 AÃmam C_v\p lPÀ (d) ]dbp¶Xv ImWpI :apPvXlnZnsâ A`mhw CPvXnlmZnsâ Bbp[w t\S Akm[yambn¯oÀ¶Xp sImIp am{XamWv. AXnsâ amÀKs¯ AhKWn¨Xp sImIÃ. \½psS im^n aZvl_pImcmb ]WvVnX·mcpw AÃm¯hcpw Ignhn\p]cnbmbn Xo{hbXv\w \S¯nbn«pIv. CXp AhcpsS Ncn{Xw kkq£vaw ]Tn¨n«pÅhÀ¡dnbmhp¶XmWv. F¶n«pw kzX{´amb CPvXnlmZnsâ Øm\w ssIhcn¡m³ AhÀ¡p km[n¨nÃ.
""am{XaÃ,{]kvXpX Imcy§Ä (CPvXnlmZp sNbvXp ^Xvhmbpw hn[n\ymbhpw \ÂIÂ) \nÀ_ÔamIp¶Xv CPvXnlmZn\p ]WvVnX·mÀ ]dªn«pÅ \n_Ô\IÄapgph³ H¯nW§nb BÄ¡p am{XamWv.]n³XeapdIsf apgph³ ]cntim[n¨m Ah apgph³ AhÀ t\Snbnsöp ImWmhp¶XmWv.AXp sImIv AhÀ¡v IpäanÃ'' (^Xmh Ip_vdm 4þ32).

apPvXlnZpIfpsS hIp¸pIÄ
KthjWmÀlcmb ]WvVnXÀ cIv hn`mKamWv. (1) apkvXJnÃv.: ASnØm\ {]amW§Ä kz´ambn t{ImUoIcn¡m³ IgnhpÅ hyàn. (2) ap³Xkn_v.: ASnØm\ {]amW§fn asämcmsf B{ibn¡p¶h³.

H¶mw hn`mKw kz´ambn {]amW§Ä t{ImUoIcn¡pI hgn KthjW cwK¯v kzX{´\mhp¶ tXmsSm¸w \ncp]m[nIw CPvXnlmZv \S¯p¶ "apYveJv' IqSnbmWv.
cImw hn`mKamb ap³Xkn_n JpÀB³, lZokv XpS§nb ASnØm\ tcJIfn \n¶v CPvXnlmZv \S¯p¶hcpw AXn\p Ignbm¯hcpapÄs¸Spw. Ignbp¶hcn Xs¶ FÃm akvAeIfpw CPvXnlmZneqsS  IsI¯m³ Ignbp¶hcpw \nÝnX akvAeIfn am{Xw KthjWw HXp§n \n¡p¶khcpapIv. AXpt]mse JpÀB³, lZokv XpS§nb ASnØm\ tcJIfn \n¶v kz´ambn CPvXnlmZn\v Ignbnsænepw Camansâ "DkzqÂ' Ahew_am¡n Camw hyàam¡m¯ Nne akvAeIsf Camav hyàam¡n¸dª Imcy¯n \n¶v IsI¯m³ Ignbp¶hcpw ap³Xkn_n DÄs¸Spw. apIfn ]dª ]Zhnbnsem¶pw F¯nbn«nÃm¯ asämcp hn`m Khpw ap³Xkn_n DIv. Camansâ ASnØm\ {]amW§sfbpw apdÖnlm¯p (tcJIfn \n¶v NneXns\ NneXns\¡mÄ {]_eam¡p¶ ImcW§Ä) Isfbpw ]qÀ®ambpw hniZambpw ]Tn¨ hcmWnhÀ. Nne L«§fn Htc akvAebn Xs¶ hyXykvXamb A`n{]mb§Ä {]ISn¸n¡s¸Spw. ]n¶oSv Ahbnsem¶ns\ {]_eam¡pw. Cu kmlNcy¯n GXv A`n{]mb¯n emWv Xsâ Camansâ \nZm\ imkv{X {]ImcapÅ apdÖnlv DÅsX¶v CPvXnlmZv hgn Is­I¯pIbpw {]kvXpX apdÖnlv am\ZWvVam¡n Camansâ hm¡pIfn \n¶pw, Akzvlm_nsâ A`n{]mb§fn \n¶pw NneXv NneXns\¡mÄ {]_eam¡pIbmWv Cu hn`mK¯n\p sN¿m\pÅXv. "apPvXlnZp ^Xmhm h¯ÀPolv' F¶ t]cn ChÀ Adnbs¸Sp¶p. C§s\ A©v hn`mKamWv apPvXlnZpIÄ.

(1)    A apXzveJp apkvXJnÃv (kzX{´hpw \ncp]m[nIhpamb KthjWw \S¯p¶hÀ). (2) A apXzveJp ssKzdp apkvXJnÃv (kzX{´aÃmsX FÃm hnjb§fnepw KthjWw \S¯p¶hÀ). (3) A apPvXlnZp¶nk_n¿v. (kzX{´aÃmsX tkm]m[nIw Nne hnjb§fn am{Xw KthjWw \S¯p¶hÀ). (4) apPvXlnZp aZvl_v (Camansâ hm¡pIfnepw, Akzvlm_nsâ A`n{]mb§fnepw KthjWw \S¯p¶hÀ).(5) apPvXlnZp ^Xmhm h¯ÀPolv (CPvXnlmZv hgn e£y§fpsS apdÖnlpIÄ IsI¯n {]kvXpX apdÖnlv am\ZWvVam¡n Camansâ hm¡pIfn \n¶pw, Akzvlm_nsâ A`n{]mb§fn \n¶pw NneXv NneXns\¡mÄ {]_eam ¡m\pw AX\pkcn¨v ^Xvh \ÂIm\pw Ignbp¶hÀ). (aokm\p Ip_vd 1:16, idlp apl±_v 1:43, PwD PhmanAv 2:385, Xplv^ 10:109). 2,3,4 hIp¸pIfnse ]WvVnXÀ Akzvlm_p hpPqlv F¶ t]cnednbs¸Sp¶p.

lZokpw apPvXlnZpw

aäp sshÚm\nI imJIfnse¶ t]mse lZoknepw AKm[ ]mWvVnXyw t\Snsb¦nte HcmÄ apPvXlnZmIq. aZvl_nsâ CamapIÄ C¡mcy¯n hfsc kq£vaXbpÅhcmbncp¶p. \memas¯ Camamb AlvaZp_n³ l¼ent\mSv HcmÄ Hcp e£w lZokpIÄ a\x]mTam¡nbm apPvXlnZmIptam F¶p tNmZn¡pIbpImbn. "CÃ' F¶mbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ adp]Sn. aq¶p e£s¯Ipdn¨p tNmZn¨t¸mgpw AXp Xs¶bmbncp¶p Camansâ {]Xyp¯cw. F¶m \mepe£w lZokv lrZnØam¡nb HcmÄ¡p apPvXlnZmImtam?' Ahkm\w tNmZn¡s¸«p: "BImsa¶mWv Fsâ {]Xo£.' At±lw adp]Sn sImSp¯p. Cu kw`hw C_v\p J¿nw At±l¯nsâ "CAvemap aphJnCu³' F¶ {KÙ¯n D²cn¨n«pIv. (Ai±p CPvXnlmZv t]Pv 16).

F¶m asämcp dnt¸mÀ«n A©pe£w F¶mWpÅXv. imlvhenbpÃmln (d) ]dbp¶Xv ImWpI : ^nJvlnsâ {IaoIcWw [mcmfw lZokpIfpsS tiJcWs¯ Bkv]Zn¨mWv \nesImIncp¶Xv. AlvaZp_n³ l¼ent\mSv Hcp e£w lZokv aXnbmIptam ap^vXnbmIm³ F¶p tNmZn¨t¸mÄ, "t]mcm' F¶mbncp¶p adp]Sn. Ahkm\w A©pe£w aXnbmIptam F¶p tNmZn¨t¸mÄ "BImsa¶p {]Xo£n¡p¶p' F¶mWv At±lw adp]Sn \ÂInbXv. (lpÖ¯pÃmln _menK 1þ50).
A©pe£w a\x]mTam¡nb Hcp ]WvVnX³' Asæn A©pe£w lZokv Cs¶hnsS? DsI¦nesà ]Tn¡pI? CXn \ns¶Ãmw \mep aZvl_pIÄ XJveoZp sN¿p¶Xnsâ clkyw _p²nbpÅhÀ¡v a\Ênem¡mhp¶XmWv. lZokv ]WvVnX\mbXp sImIv am{Xw HcmÄ apPvXlnZv BhpIbpanÃ. lZokpIfn hnhn[ C\§fpsS A´cmÀYw {Kln¨ncn¡Ww. Csæn C_v\p ssXan¿sb t]mepÅ Nne apl±nkpIÄ¡v kw`hn¨Xpt]mse hgnsXänt¸mIm\nShcpw (^Xmh lZokn¿ t].242).


apPvXlnZpIfpw \n_Ô\Ifpw

C_v\p ssXan¿ ]dbp¶p: \_n (kz) bpsS ]¯p e£¯n ]cw hcp¶ lZokpIfn apJy `mKhpw apPvXlnZn\p a\:]mTapImbncn¡Ww F¶ÃmsX CkvemanI \nba§fpambn _Ôs¸« lZokpIÄ Hs¶mgnbmsX ]qÀ®ambpw a\x]mTapImIWsa¶v \n_Ô\bmbn¡qS. A§s\bmsW¦n apkvenw D½¯n apPvXlnZv Csöv ]dtbInhcpw (d^vD aemw t]Pv 18).

lZoknsâ e^vfpIÄ am{Xw t]mc, \nthZI ]c¼cbnepÅ Hmtcm hyànbpsSbpw t]cv, XdhmSv, hbkv, acW kabw (tbmKymtbmKyXIÄ kw_Ôn¨) KpW§Ä, lZokv kzoIcn¡m³ AhÀ ssIsImI \n_Ô\IÄ, AhcpsS Ahew_tcJ, lZokpIÄ kzoIcn¨ coXn, \nthZI ]c¼c C\w Xncn¡Â, dnt¸mÀ«ÀamcpsS hm¡pIÄ XpS§n FÃm Imcy§fpw apPvXlnZv Adnªncn¡Ww (lm^nfv C_v\p Akodn (d) sâ PmanD Dkzq hmfyw 1, t]Pv 37).

JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepapÅ kmt¦XnI {]tbmK§sf Ipdn¨v XnIª ]mWvVnXyw apPvXlnZv BÀÖn¨ncn¡Ww. {]tbmK§fnse kmt¦XnIXIÄ Xncn¨dnbm¯ hyàn A]IS¯nte¡v \o§pw. IÂ]\, \ntcm[\w, hym]ImÀYapÅXv, lrkzmÀYapÅXv, JWvVnXaÃm¯hn[w hyàambXv, hyàamb AÀY¯ns\Xncn hymJym\n¡s¸«Xv, FXncmbn hymJym\n¡m³ ]äm¯ hn[w hyàambXv, samgnbpsS _mlymÀYw, B´cmÀYw, Dt±imÀYw, AhyàambXv, Dt±imÀYw hyàambXv, hn[n ZpÀ_eam¡p¶Xv, ZpÀ_eambXv, \nthZ\]c¼c A\ntj[yamw hn[w _eh¯mbXv, \nthZI ]c¼cbn \n¶pw dnt¸mÀ«À Hgnªpt]mbXv F¶nh¡v ]pdsa \nthZI ]c¼cbpsS _em_ew, Ad_n `mj (hymIcW kmlnXy \nba§fS¡w) kzlm_nIfpw AÃm¯hcpamb ]WvVnXcpsS A`n{]mb§Ä, (`n¶n¸pw GtIm]\hpw) hyàhpw Ahyàhpamb Jnbmkv (asäm¶nt\mSv Xpe\w sNbvXv hn[n IsI¯pI) XpS§nb [mcmfw hnjb§fn ka{K]mWvVnXyw DImbncn¡Ww. Chs¡Ãmw ]pdsa JpÀB³, kp¶¯v, Ad_n hymIcW \nba§Ä kkq£vaw ]cntim[n¨ tijw ASnØm\ \nba§Ä (DkzqÂ) kz´ambn t{ImUoIcn¡pIbpw thWw.
Hcp e£w lZokv a\x]mTam¡nb hyàn¡v CPvXnlmZv \S¯mtam F¶ tNmZy¯n\v km[yasömWv Camw AlvaZv _n\p l¼Â (d) adp]Sn ]dªXv. ctIm aqt¶m \mtem e£w lZokpIÄ a\x]mTapsI¦nepw CPvXnlmZv km[yasöhÀ hyàam¡nbn«pIv (DÖ¯pÃmln _menl hmfyw 1, t]Pv 150).

{]KÛ lZokv ]¬VnXcmb Camw _pJmcn (d), apkvenw (d), ss_lJn (d), C_v\p lPÀ (d) XpS§nb [mcmfw BfpIÄ im^nCu aZvl_v XJveoZv sNbvXhcmbncp¶p. apIfn ]dªhcpw AÃm¯hcpamb [mcmfw ]¬VnX·mÀ CPvXnlmZn\v IgnhnÃm¯XpsImImWtÃm im^nCu aZvl_v XJveoZv sNbvXXv. aZvl_nsâ \mev CamapIÄ¡v tijw C_v\p PcodpXz_cn am{XamWv Cu ]Zhn hmZn¨p t\m¡nbXv. At±l¯n\p AwKoImcw e`n¡pIbpImbnÃ. Camw iAvdm\n (d) Xsâ aokm³, hmfyw 1 t]Pv 16  ]dbp¶p:
apYveJv apPvXlnZv aq¶mw \qämtImsS Ahkm\n¨Xmbn ^Xmh C_v\p kzem ln \n¶p±cn¨p sImIv PmanD Idmam¯n HuenbmAv hmfyw 1 t]Pv 167, Xplv^ hmfyw 9 t]Pv 216, _mPqcn hmfyw 1 t]Pv 190, ^Xmh Ip_vd hmfyw 1 t]Pv 302 F¶nhbnepw hyàam¡nbn«pIv.

CPvXnlmZn¶mhiyamb IgnhpIÄ t\SnsbSp¡m\mhm¯Xn\memWv ]n¡me¯v apPvXlnZv apYveJv CÃmsX t]mbXv. ]WvVnX·mcpsS A\mØbmWv CXn\p ImcWsa¶ hmZw icnbÃ. ""CPvXnlmZn\p thI Bbp[w CÃmsX t]mbXn\memWv apPvXlnZpIÄ CÃmsX t]mbsX¶v \mw hnizkn¡Ww. ]WvVnXÀ ]n·mdnbXn\meÃ. ImcWw im^nCu Akzvlm_pw AÃm¯hcpamb alm·mÀ km[yamIp¶Xnep]cn ]cn{ia§Ä \S¯pIbpw AXn\p thIn hbÊpIÄ sNehgn¡pIbpw sNbvXn«pIv. AhcpsS Ncn{X¯n AXp ImWmw. A§s\sbÃmambn«pw \ncp]m[nI KthjW¯nsâ Øm\w Ae¦cn¡m³ AhÀ¡mbnÃ'' ^Xmh Ip_vd hmfyw 4, t]Pv 302.
CXn\memWv Xm³ CPvXnlmZv hmZn¡p¶nsöpw lw_en aZvl_pImc\mbXn A`nam\n¡pIbmsW¶pw C_v\p A_vZp hlm_v ]dªXv D³hm\p aPvZv ^n XmcoJn \PvZv hmfyw 1, t]Pv 84.
A apXzveJp ap³Xkn_v. (A apXzveJp ssKzdp apkvXJnÃv.)

ChÀ¡v kz´ambn Dkzq t{ImUoIcn¡m\pÅ tbmKyX DImbncn¡nÃ. H¶mw apPvX lnZn\pÅ asäÃm \n_Ô\Ifpw ChÀ¡pw _m[IamWv. Cu AÀY¯n am{XamWv Chsc apJÃnZpIÄ F¶v ]dbp¶Xv.

Camw \hhn (d) ]dbp¶p: ""aZvl_nepw AXnsâ e£y§fnepw Camans\ A\pIcn¡m ¯hcmWv ap³Xkn_mb apPvXlnZv. kzX{´ apPvXlnZnsâ FÃm KpW§fpw ChcnepapÅXmWXn\p ImcWw.CPvXnlmZn Camanâ hgn (\nZm\ imkv{Xw kzoIcn¨psh¶ ASnØm\¯n am{XamWnhsc Camante¡v tNÀ¯v ]dbp¶Xv''(idlp apl²_v 1:43).
_¶m\n ]dbp¶p:""\ÊzpIfn (JpÀB³, kp¶¯v) \n¶v ChÀ akvAe IsI¯p¶hcmWv. AhcpsS hm¡pIÄ ]cntim[n¨hÀ¡nXv t_m[ys¸Spw. ]t£, Camanâ \nZm\imkv{Xahew_n¨p am{Xambncn¡pw ChcpsS IsI¯epIÄ. CXv sImIv am{XamWv kzX{´ apPvXlnZpambn ChÀ thÀ Xncnbp¶Xv'' (_¶m\n 2:386,86).
im^nCu aZvl_nse Camw apkv\n (d), _psshXzn (d) XpS§nbhcpw l\^o aZvl_nse Camw A_q bqkp^v (d) apl½Zv (d) F¶nhcpw Cu hn`mK¯n s]Sp¶p. kzX{´ apPvXlnZpIsf t]mse FÃm hnjb§fnepw \ncp]m[nIw CPvXnlmZv \S¯m³ tijnbpÅhÀ Xs¶bmWnhÀ. kz´ambn \nZm\ imkv{Xw t{ImUoIcn¡m\pÅ tbmKyX ChÀ¡nÃ.

AÂ apPvXlnZp¶nk_n¿v

ASnØm\ {]amW§Ä B[mcam¡n JpÀB\n \n¶pw kp¶¯n \n¶pw Hcp  hnjbhpambn _Ôs¸« \nÝnX akvAeIÄ am{Xw IsI¯p¶hcmWv Bt]£nI apPvXlnZv (apPvXlnZp¶nk_n¿v). \nZm\ imkv{X¯n AhKmlpÅtXmsSm¸w Xm³ IsI¯p¶ akvAeIfpambn _Ôs¸« kÀh{X e£y§fnepw ]cnÚm\apÅh\pw kzlm_¯S¡apÅ ]qÀhnIÀ {]kvXpX akvAeIfn {]ISn¸n¨ `n¶m`n{]mb§fpw AhcpsS GtIm]\hpsaÃmw ]qÀ®ambpw {Kln¨ncn¡Ww.
Camw alÃn ]dbp¶p: ""NneÀ¡v Nne hnjb§fn am{Xw CPvXnlvZn\pÅ Ignhv DImIp¶Xv sImImWv CPvXnlmZv `mKnIamImsa¶v ]dªXv. DZmlcWambn acWm\´c kz¯v hnlnXw sh¡p¶Xpambn _Ôs¸« tcJIÄ Adnbp¶hÀ¡v B hnjb¯n Dkzq ASnØm\am¡n Xsâ A`n{]mbw tcJs¸Sp¯mw' (idlp PwavC PhmanAv 2:386).
 Camw C_v\p lPÀ (d) ]dbp¶p: ""kzX{´hpw \ncp]m[nIhpambn CPvXnlmZv \S¯p¶ hyàn¡v ]dª FÃm \n_Ô\Ifpw Bt]£nI apPvXlnZn\pImhWsa¶nÃ. Xsâ aZvl_n \n¶v ]pd¯p t]mIm¯ tkm]m[nI apPvXlnZmb Ct²lw Camanâ ASnkvYm\ {]amW§Ä Adnªncn¡Ww. idCsâ \nba§Ä \ncp]m[nI apPvXlnZv adnIS¡m³ ]mSnÃm¯ t]mse Camansâ \nba§Ä tkm]m[nI apPvXlnZpw adnIS¡m³ ]mSnÃ'' (Xplv^: 10:109).
apPvXlnZp ^Xvhm h¯ÀPolv
sXfnhnsâ _em_ew ]cntim[n¨v akvAeIfn H¶ns\ XncsªSp¡m³ IgnhpÅ hÀ¡mWv apPvXlnZp ^Xvhm h¯ÀPolv F¶v ]dbp¶Xv. im^nCu aZvl_n Camw dm^nCu (d) Camw \hhn (d) bpw Chcn DÄs¸Sp¶p. Camw C_v\p lPÀ (d), Camw dwen (d) XpS§nbhÀ t]mepw XÀPolnsâ (1) Øm\w F¯nbhcà (_mPqcn 1:19).
Camw \hhn (d)  ]dbp¶p. ""ChÀ Akzvlm_p hpPqlnsâ ]Zhn F¯n¨nsænepw IqÀ½ _p²n, Xsâ Camansâ aZvl_v a\¸mTam¡Â, Camansâ Ahew_ tcJIÄ AdnbÂ, Ah kaÀYn¡m\pff Ignhv (XZSnØm\¯nÂ) akvAeIÄ cq]s¸Sp¯n kaÀYn¡Â, {]XnIqe tcJIÄ JWvVn¡Â, Ahew_tcJ (apdÖnlm¯v(2)) D]tbmKn¨v {]_eam¡Â XpS§nb KpW§Ä DÅhcmWv'' (idlp apl±_v 1: 44).
(1). hyXyØamb sXfnhpIfpsS ASnØm\¯n Hcp hnjb¯n DImhp¶ hnhn[ A`n{]mb§fn H¶ns\ {]_eam¡p¶Xn\mWv XÀPolv F¶v ]dbp¶Xv (PwD PhmanAv 2 : 386).
 (2) Hcp akvAebn ]ckv]c hncp²amb sXfnhpIfpImhpIbpw H¶mw sXfnhv ASnØm\s¸Sp¯n akvAe Øncs¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXm aäv sXfnhpIÄ amän \nÀ ¯m\pÅ ImcW§Ä hyàam¡Ww. H¶mw sXfnhv kzoIcn¡m\pw cImw sXfnhv \nckn¡m\pw ImcW§fpImhpw. Cu ImcW§Ä¡mWv apdÖnlmXv F¶v ]dbp¶Xv. 
Camw C_v\p lPÀ (d) ]dbp¶p: ""Camw kpbqYn (d) CPvXnlmZv hmZhpambn cwK¯v h¶t¸mÄ ]WvVnX·mÀ At²ls¯ kao]n¨p. XÀPolv IqSmsX tcJs¸Sp¯nb GXm\pw A`n{¸mb§fn \n¶v {]_eambh IsI¯m³ Bhiys¸«p. Camanesâ ASnØm\ {]amW§fpw apdÖnlm¯pw ]cntim[n¨v {]kvXpX A`n{¸mb§fn \n¶v {]_eambh IsI¯m³ Camw kpbqYn (d) ¡v km[n¨nÃ. CsXIpdn¨v Camw dwen (d) ]dbp¶p: CPvXnlmZnsâ Xmsg \nebnepÅ XÀPolv t]mepw C{X {]bmkamW¦n Cu hmZap¶bn¡p¶hÀ _p²n iq\ycpw hnUvVnIfpamW¶v hyàw. CXn\p apIfnepÅhcpsS Øm\§Ä AhImis¸Sp¶hcpsS Imcyw FSp¡m\panà '' (ss^fp JZoÀ 1: 10).

C_v\p lPÀ (d) ^Xmhbn FgpXp¶p: \½psS Kpcp\mY·mÀ apX ]qÀÆ Ime ]WvVnXscÃmw AwKoIcn¨pt]mcp¶ bmYmÀYyw C{]ImcamWv. ^Xvhbnepw AÃm¯h bnepw ssiJm\n (Camw \hhn (d), Camw dm^nCu (d) sb AwKoIcnt¡IXpw `qcn] £¯nsâ A`n{]mbw sImtIm Camw im^nCubpsS \Êzvv sImIv t]meptam Ahsc FXnÀ¡m³ ]mSnÃm¯XpamIp¶p. Nne hyànIÄ \ÊzpIÄ ImWn¨v Chsc FXnÀ¡p¶ GXm\pw akvAeIÄ Kl\ambn ]cntim[n¨t¸mÄ FXncmfnIÄ IsI¯m¯ \ÊzpIÄ ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nbmWv AhcXv tcJs¸Sp¯nbsX¶v Rm³ IsI¯n. `qcn]£¯nsâ A`n{]mb§Ä NqIn Ahsc FXnÀ¡p¶hscbpw ImWmw. AhÀ `qcn]£¯nsâ A`n{]mb§Ä AwKoIcn¡m³ _m[yØcÃ. sXfnhpIfpsS _ea\pkcn¨v dmPnlm¡p¶ hkvXpXIfmWv X§fpsS Ahew_sa¶v AhÀ Xs¶ hyàam¡nbn«pIv. 
apPvXlnZp aZvl_v
 Camw hyàambn ]dª Imcy§Ä ASnØm\am¡n hPvlpIÄ IsI¯m³ IgnhpÅhÀ (PwDÂPhmanAv). AXmbXv cIv akvAeIÄ¡panSbn kmayXbpÅt¸mÄ, Camw ]dªn«nÃm¯ akvAeIsf ]dªhtbmSv Xpe\w sN¿Â t]msebpÅ CPvXnlmZv \S¯emWv. Camw ]dªpsh¨ akvAeIfpsStbm {]amW§fpsStbm hym]vXnbn DÄs¸Sp¶ akvAe AXn \n¶v IsI¯p¶Xpw C{]ImcamWv.IÀ½ imkv{X hn[nIfpambn _Ôs¸«p InS¡p¶ Xsâ Camansâ ASnØm\ {]amW§Ä apgph\pw CbmÄ {Kln¨ncn¡Ww. FÃm akvAeIfnepapÅ Camanâ \ÊzpIfpw Akzvlm_nsâ hPvlpIfpw AhÀ Adnªncn¡Ww. XmcXay ]T\¯neqsS ]pXnb {]iv\§Ä¡v ]cnlmcw IsI¯pt¼mÄ ASnØm\ \nba§Ä adnIS¡mXncn¡m³ Cu Adnhv BhiyamWv."" idCsâ ASnØm\ \nba§fn kzX{´ apPvXlnZv ]cnKWn¡p¶hsbÃmw Ct²lhpw  ]cnKWnKWn¨ncn¡Ww. idCsâ \ÊzpIsf At]£n¨v kzX{´ apPvXlnZn\pÅ Øm\amW,v kzX{´ apPvXlnZs\ At]£n¨v CbmÄ¡pÅXv. AXn\m idCsâ \ÊzpIfpÅt¸mÄ kzX{´ apPvXlnZn\v CPvXnlmZv \S¯m³ ]mSnÃm¯Xv t]mse Xsâ Camw hyàambn ]dªXv Dt]£n¨v, CPvXnlmZv \S¯m³ Ct²l¯n\pw ]mSnà (Xplv^: 10: 109). Akzvlm_n aq¶mw Øm\amWnhÀ ¡pÅXv. lZokv tiJcW¯n apPvXlnZp¶nk_n¿nsâ ]Zhnbpw F¯m¯Xn\memWv ChÀ aq¶mw Øm\¡mcmbXv. ChÀ Akzvlm_n hpPqln DÄs¸Sp¶hcmWv. Cu ]Zhn ssIhcn¨hÀ lnPvd \m\qdn\v tijw DImbn«nà (^Xmh Ip_vd  : 4 : 303, 4: 296).
Camw C_v\p PpssdPv (d) Cu hn`mK¯nÂs]Sp¶p. Camw KÊmen (d), Camap ldssa\n (d), Camw iodmko (d) bpw apPvXlnZp aZvl_n s]Spsa¶mWv C_v\p kzemlv (d) A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶Xv. apIfn ]dªhÀ AXn\v tbmKycömWv Camw C_v\p dn^vAXnsâ ]£w (Xplv^: 10 :109).

Camw ap\mhn ]dbp¶p. ""Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS \ÊzpIÄ apgph\pw \jvSs¸SpIbm W¦n Ah Fsâ a\Ên \n¶v FgpXnbpIm¡m³ Ignbpsa¶v {]Jym]n¡m³ am{Xw ]mWVnXyapÅ, im^nCu IÀ½ imkv{X¯n hfsc {][m\s¸« cNbnXmhv IqSnbmb Camw dqbm\n (d) Akzvlm_n hpPqln s]SnömWv ]WvVnX aXw. Camw KÊmen (d), Camw dqbm\n (d) XpS§nb almcY·mÀ Xs¶ Akzvlm_n hpPqln s]Sptam F¶v ]WvVnXÀ¡nSbn `n¶m`n{]mbapImIpt¼mÄ aäpÅhsc Ipdns¨´mWv `mhnt¡­Xv?. Chscm¶pw aZvl_n HXp§nb CPvXnlmZnsâ ]Zhn t]mepw ssIhcn¨n«næn ChcpsS hmNI§Ä t]mepw bYmhn[n {Kln¡m\mhm¯hÀ F§s\bmWv CXn\pw apIfnepÅ kzX{´ CPvXnlmZnsâ ]Zhn AhImis¸Sp¶Xv.? AÃmlp kXyw, CXv henb AkXyw Xs¶'' (ss^Zp JZoÀ 1:12). 
A apXzveJp apkvXJnÃv
 \_n (kz) bpsS ]¯p e£¯n ]cw hcp¶ lZokpIfn apJy`mKhpw Cu apPvXlnZn\p a\:]mTapImbncn¡Ww. lZoknsâ e^vfpIÄ am{Xw t]mc, \nthZI ]c¼cbnepÅ Hmtcm hyànbpsSbpw t]cv, XdhmSv, hbkv, acW kabw (tbmKym tbmKyXIÄ kw_Ôn¨) KpW§Ä, lZokv kzoIcn¡m³ AhÀ ssIsImI \n_Ô\IÄ, AhcpsS Ahew_tcJ, lZokpIÄ kzoIcn¨ coXn, \nthZI ]c¼c C\w Xncn¡Â, dnt¸mÀ«ÀamcpsS hm¡pIÄ XpS§n FÃm Imcy§fpw. JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepapÅ kmt¦XnI {]tbmK§sf Ipdn¨v XnIª ]mWvVnXyw. IÂ]\, \ntcm[\w, hym] ImÀYapÅXv,lrkzmÀYapÅXv, JWvVnXaÃm¯hn[w hyàambXv, hyàamb AÀY¯ns\Xncn hymJym\n¡s¸«Xv, FXncmbn hymJym\n¡m³ ]äm¯ hn[w hyàambXv, samgnbpsS _mlymÀYw, B´cmÀYw, Dt±imÀYw AhyàambXv, Dt±imÀYw hyà ambXv, hn[n ZpÀ_eam¡p¶Xv, ZpÀ_eambXv, \nthZ\]c¼c A\ntj[yamw hn[w _eh¯mbXv, \nthZI ]c¼cbn \n¶pw dnt¸mÀ«À Hgnªpt]mbXv F¶nh¡v ]pdsa \nthZI ]c¼cbpsS _em_ew, Ad_n `mj (hymIcW kmlnXy \nba§fS¡w) kzlm_nIfpw AÃm¯hcpamb ]WvVnXcpsS A`n{]mb§Ä (`n¶n¸pw GtIm]\hpw) hyàhpw Ahyàhpamb Jnbmkv (asäm¶nt\mSv Xpe\w sNbvXv hn[n IsI¯pI) XpS§nb [mcmfw hnjb§fn ka{K ]mWvVnXyw DImbncn¡Ww. Chs¡Ãmw ]pdsa JpÀB³, kp¶¯v, Ad_n hymIcW \nba§Ä F¶nh kkq£aw ]cntim[n¨ tijw ASnØm\ \nba§Ä (DkzqÂ) kz´ambn t{ImUoIcn¡pIbpw thWw. 

XJveoZv
 Ckvemw kXy¯nsâbpw Adnhnsâbpw aXamWv. kXys¯ hyàambn a\Ênem¡pIbpw AXn ZrVambn hnizkn¡pIbpw XZ\pkmcw {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw sN¿Wsa¶v Ckvemw iànbmbn A\pimkn¡p¶p. AXp sImIv Xs¶ XJveoZns\ hnizmk cwK¯pw IÀa cwK¯pw Ckvemw FXnÀ¡p¶p. Camw KÊmen (d) tcJs¸Sp¯nbXp ImWpI : "XJveoZv hnizmk]camb Imcy§fntem IÀa]camb Imcy§fntem ZrVamb Adnhnsâ amÀKaÃ' (apkvXkv^m 2þ123).
aX¯n HcmÄ kzoIcn¡p¶ amÀKamWv Abmsf kp`Kt\m ZpÀ`Kt\m B¡p¶Xv. kXy hnizmkntbm AkXy hnizmkntbm B¡p¶Xv. kZmNmcntbm ZpÀamÀKntbm B¡p¶Xpw AXp Xs¶. AXp sImIv hnizmk¯nepw A\pjvTm\¯nepw hyàamb ImgvN¸mSv GsXmcp hyàn¡pw DImbncn¡Ww. Dulmt]ml§fpsS ]n¶mse Kan¡pItbm AÔambn asämcmsf A\pIcn¡pItbm sN¿mhXÃ. AXp tIhew AÚX am{XamWv. Camw KÊmen (d) Xs¶ ]dbp¶p : "XJveoZv AÚXbmWv (apkvXkv^m 2þ124).

Adnhv FÃm apkvenan\pw \nÀ_ÔamWv. CXn kv{Xo ]pcpj t`ZanÃ. AÚXsb hnizmk¯nepw A\pjvTm\¯nepw A\p[mh\w sN¿p¶Xv IpäIcamWv. XJveoZmIs« tIhew AÚXbpw. F¶m F´mWo XJveoZv? XJveoZn\p hà hIt`ZhpaptIm? FÃm XJveoZn\pw Hcp hn[n Xs¶bmtWm? A\phZ\obamb XJveoZv hÃXpaptIm? C¯cw {]iv\§fpsS D¯c§Ä kkq£vaw {Kln¨ncn¡Ww. Csæn ]et¸mgpw A_²w ]nWbpw. ]eÀ¡pw AXp ]nWªn«pIv. A§s\, B A_²w icnbmsW¶p [cn¨p NneÀ {KÙ§fn hnf¼pI t]mepw sNbvXn«pIv.
 XJveoZns\ Camw KÊmen C{]Imcw \nÀhNn¡p¶p : "Hc`n{]mbw, sXfnhp IqSmsX, kzoIcn¡p¶Xn\mWv XJveoZv F¶p ]dbp¶Xv'(apkvXkzv^m 2þ123). XJveoZv hnizmk¯nepw A\pjvTm\¯nepw kw`hn¡pw. hnizmk¯nepImIp¶ XJveoZv cIp hn[¯n hcmw. H¶v "AkXyhpw A_²hpamb Imcy§fn I®S¨p aäpÅhsc ]n´pScpI. CXp Cuam³ Imcy§Ä¡p hncp²amb hnizmkw P\n¸n¡pt¼mÄ Ip^vdv þ Ahnizmkw þ Bbn¯ocp¶p. asämcmfpsS hm¡p tI«p aX ZrjvSym kXyhpw A\nhmcyhpamb hnizmk Imcy§fn HcmÄ hnizkn¨p, sXfnhpIsfm¶pw {Kln¨nÃ. CXmWv cImas¯ XJveoZv. Cu hyàn hnizkn¨ Imcy§Ä kXyambXv sImIv, hnizmkw icnbmWv. ]t£, hnizmk Imcy§Ä sXfnhpIÄ  klnXw, AN©eam¡nbncn¡Wsa¶ Ckvemansâ \nÀ_Ô \nba¯n\p hncp²w {]hÀ¯n¨Xp sImIv CbmÄ Ipä¡mc\mWv.

A\pjvTm\ Imcy§fnepÅ XJveoZpw cIp hn[apIv. H¶v, Hcmsf kzoIcn¡Wsa¶Xn\p bmsXmcp sXfnhpanÃmsX AbmÄ hnizkvX\pw `à\pw kzoImcy\pamb apPvXlnZmsW¶Xn\p bmsXmcp tcJbpanÃmsX IÀa imkv{X¯n AbmfpsS A`n{]mbw kzoIcn¡pI. CXp sXäpw IpäIchpamWv. Cu AÔamb A\pIcWamWv A\pjvTm\ Imcy§fnÂ, Ckvemw \ntcm[n¨psh¶v, apIfn ]dª XJveoZv.

Ckvemansâ ASnØm\ {]amW§fn \n¶v aXhn[nIÄ CPvXnlmZv sNbvXp sImSp¡m³ IgnhpÅ, kzoImcy\pw AwKoIrX\pamb Hcp ]WvVnX³ ]dbp¶ hn[n, AXnsâ sXfnhp {Kln¡msX kzoIcn¡pI. CXmWv cImas¯ C\w. Cu XJveoZv CPvXnlmZn\p IgnhpÅ ]WvVnX\p \njn²hpw IgnhnÃm¯hÀ¡v \nÀ_ÔhpamWv.
aZvl_pIsf XJveoZp sN¿Â AÔamb A\pIcWÃ
a\pjyhÀK¯n knwl`mKhpwhgn]ng¡m\pÅ {][m\ ImcWw AÔamb A\pIcWamWv. ]qÀÆm ]nXm¡sfbpw ap³XeapdIsfbpw I®S¨\pKan¨Xp sImIv amÀKNypXnbneIs¸«p t]mb P\kapZmb§sf {]hmNI·mÀ kao]n¨t¸mÄ AhÀ¡v FSp¯p ImWn¡m\pImbncp¶ GI sXfnhv ]mc¼cyw am{Xambncp¶p. hyàamb ZrjvSm´§Ä \nc¯nh¨p sImIv AhcpsS hnizmkmNmc§Ä sXämsW¶pw Ah DÄsIm­I ]qÀÆ ]nXm¡Ä hgn]ng¨hcmsW¶pw {]hmNI·mÀ P\§sf t_m[ys¸Sp¯n. At¸mÄ AhÀ \ÂInb adp]Sn hnip² JpÀB³ D²cn¡p¶p.
X§fpsS ]nXm¡·msc Hcp amÀK¯n R§Ä IIp. AhcpsS ImÂ]mSpIsf R§Ä ]n´pScp¶hcmIp¶p.' (hn.Jp 43 : 23)
 ap³XeapdIÄ A\phÀ¯n¨ \bw Xs¶bmWv apl½Zv \_n(k)bpsS P\Xbpw kzoIcn¨Xv. AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNI\mWv Xms\¶p Xncpta\n ke£yw sXfnbn¨p. AhÀ sXämb amÀK¯nemsW¶p hyàambpw kaÀ°n¨p. A_²amb hnizmkmNmc§Ä Ahcnte¡p ]IÀ¶ ]nXm¡·mÀ hgn]ng¨hcmsW¶p Ahsc t_m[ys¸Sp¯n. F¶n«pw AÔambn ]nXm¡·mcpsS amÀKw Ahew_n¡m³ apXncpIbmWv \_n(k)bpsS i{Xp¡Ä sNbvXXv.

"AÃmlp AhXcn¸n¨hs\ A\pKan¡pI' F¶p AhtcmSv ]dbs¸«m AhÀ ]dbpw "F¶m R§fpsS ]nXm¡·msc GsXmcp k{¼Zmb¯n IIpthm AXns\ R§Ä A\pKan¡pw.' AhcpsS ]nXm¡Ä H¶pw {Kln¡m¯hcpw k·mÀKw {]m]n¡m¯hcpambncp¶n«pw Ahsc Xs¶ ]n³]äpIbmtWm? (hn.Jp)
X§fpsS \ne]mSv icnbsöp sXfnhpIÄ hnfnt¨mXp¶p. F¶n«pw ]qÀÆ ]nXm¡fpsS amÀKamsW¶ GIImcWw sImIv AXnepd¨p \n¡p¶p. ]nXm¡fmIs« ]qÀWambpw hgnsXänbhcpw. CXmbncp¶p AhnizmknIfpsS A\pIcW¯nsâ kz`mhw. CXv AÔamb A\pIcWs¯ Ckvemw ITn\ambn \ntcm[n¨ncn¡p¶p.
JpÀB³, kp¶¯v, CPvamAv, Jnbmkv F¶nhbmWv \½psS aqe{]amW§Ä. \_n(k)bpsS A\ntj[yamb Aam\pjnI kn²nIÄ þ apAvPnk¯pIÄ þ Xncpta\nbpsS kXymhØ sXfnbn¡p¶p. AXp sImIv Xs¶ JpÀB\nsâbpw kp¶¯nsâbpw {]amWnIX Øncs¸«p. CPvamDw Jnbmkpw AwKoIrX§fmsW¶p \_n(k) ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. At¸mÄ Cu {]amW§fpsS ASnØm\¯n aXhn[n BhnjvIcn¡Â Hcn¡epw AÔamb A\pIcWamhnÃ.

Cu aqe {]amW§fn \n¶v CPvXnlmZp sNbvXp, aXhn[n IsI¯m³ kzbw IgnhnÃm¯hÀ AXn\p IgnhpÅ aZvl_nsâ CamapIsf XJveoZv sN¿pIbmWv thIXv. Cu XJveoZv AÔamb A\pIcWaÃ; \nÀ_Ôamb A\pKa\amWv. ]ÞnX\pw hnizkvX\pw `à\pambn aäp ]ÞnX·mÀ AwKoIcn¨n«pÅ apPvXlnZns\ am{Xta XJveoZv sN¿m³ ]mSpÅq. C§s\ km[mcW¡mc³ GsX¦nepw Hcp Camans\ A\pKan¡Â \nÀ_ÔamsW¶ Imcyw CPvamAv sImIv Øncs¸«XmWv. (apkvXkv^m 2 : 123)
]ÞnX·mcpsS GIIWvTamb A`n{]mbamWv CPvamAv. CPvamAv aX¯n A\ntj[yamb sXfnhpw {]amWhpamWv. At¸mÄ aZvl_nsâ CamapIsf A\pKan¡Â sXfnhnsâ ASnØm\¯nepÅ A\pIcWamWv.
XJveoZv ]WvVnX ]qPbÃ
{kjvSmhmb AÃmlphn\p am{Xta imk\m[nImcapÅp. Ahsâ {]hmNI³ F¶ \nebn \_n (kz) bpsS hn[n hne¡pIfpw AwKoIcn¡Ww. ]m]kpc£nXXzhpw A{]amZnXzhpw AÃmlp \ÂInbXp sImIv \ncp]m[nIw Xncpta\nsb A\pkcn¡mhp¶XmWv. AÃ; A\pkcnt¨ Xocq.

AÃmlphnsâ \nba§fn amä¯ncp¯epIÄ hcp¯m\pw kzbw \nba \nÀamWw \S¯m\pw ]WvVnX·mÀ¡[nImcapsI¶mbncp¶p ]qÀh thZ¡mcpsS hnizmkw. AXp sImImWv AhcpsS A\pIcWw ]WvVnX ]qPbmbn¯oÀ¶Xv. dºpIfm¡n F¶p ]dªn«pÅXpw AXp sImI v Xs¶. ""R§Ä Ahsc Bcm[n¡p¶nÃtÃm F¶p BZyw Hcp {InkvXym\nbmbncp¶ AZn¿p_n³ lmXznw (d) kwibap¶bn¨t¸mÄ \_n (kz) C{]Imcw tNmZn¡pIbpImbn; ""AÃmlp A\phZn¨Xp AhÀ ldmam¡pt¼mÄ \n§fXv ldmambn KWn¡pIbpw AÃmlp ldmam¡nbXp Ah³ lemem¡pt¼mÄ \n§fXp lemembn KWn¡pIbpw sN¿mdntÃ?'' "AsX' F¶p AZn¿v k½Xn¨t¸mÄ Xncpta\n ]dªp : AXp Ahsc Bcm[n¡Â Xs¶bmWv (C_v\p PcoÀ hmeyw 10 t]Pv 114).
F¶mÂ, lem ldmam¡phmt\m ldmw lemem¡phmt\m ]WvVnX·mÀ¡[nImcapsI¶v AÚcn AÚ\mb Hcp apkvenw t]mepw hnizkn¡p¶nÃ. A§s\ hnizkn¡Â Ip^vdpw inÀ¡pamWv. AÃmam imlv henbpÃmln (d) ]dbp¶Xv ImWpI :""HcmÄ \_n (kz) ]dªn«pÅ Imcy§Ä am{Xw aXambwKoIcn¡pIbpw AÃmlp A\phZn¨Xp am{Xw lemembpw AhÀ \njn²am¡nbXp am{Xw ldmambpw hnizkn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ]t£, \_nbpsS {]kvXmh\Isfbpw Ahbn sshcp²yw tXm¶n¡p¶hbpsS kwtbmP\s¯bpw, Ahbn KthjWw sNbvXp hn[nIÄ BhnjvIcn¡p¶Xnsâ hgnsbbpw kw_Ôn¨p AdnbmsX h¶t¸mÄ k·mÀK ZÀiI\mb Hcp ]WvVnXs\ AhÀ A\pKan¨p. AXmIs«, B ]WvVnX³ ^Xvhbnepw hn[nbnepw _mly¯n bmYmÀYyw IsI¯nbh\pw AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNIsâ kp¶¯ns\ A\p[mh\w sNbvXh\pamsW¶ hnizmkt¯mSp IqSnbmWv. Cu A\pIcWw IpäIcaÃ.'' (lpÖ¯Ãmln _menK : 1þ156).

XJveoZn\p kzlm_¯nsâ AwKoImcw

AdnhnÃm¯hÀ ]WvVnX·mcpsS A`n{]mbw sXfnhpIqSmsX kzoIcn¡Â AYhm Ahsc XJveoZp sN¿Â kzlm_¯nsâ Ime¯pImbncpt¶m? \ap¡p ]cntim[n¡mw. IgnhpÅh³ CPvXnlmZp sN¿pIbpw aäpÅhÀ ]WvVnX·msc XJveoZp sN¿pIbpw sN¿pI. CXmWv kzlm_¯nsâ Imew sXm«p \mfnXphsc \ncmt£]w XpSÀ¶p h¶n«pÅ k{¼Zmbw. km[mcW¡mcpw sXfnhp Nn´n¨p {Kln¡Wsa¶Xp hgn]ng¨ JZvcn¿m ]mÀ«nbn Hcp hn`mK¯nsâ sXämb hmZamWv. Cu hmZs¯ JWvVn¨p sImIv lpÖ¯p Ckvemw A_qlmanZn KÊmen (d) FgpXp¶p :
""cI sXfnhpIÄ sImIv ta hmZw A_²amWv. H¶v; kzlm_¯nsâ CPvamAv Xs¶. ImcWw AhÀ km[mcW¡mÀ¡v ^Xvhm sImSp¡pI ]Xnhmbncp¶p. AhtcmSv sXfnhp {Kln¡p¶ ]Zhnbn F¯nt¨cWsa¶v IÂ]n¡mdpImbncp¶nÃ. cImas¯ sXfnhv CXmWv. km[mcW¡mc³ aXhn[nIÄ  sImIv IÂ]n¡s¸«h\msW¶Xn GIIWvTamb ]WvVnXm`n{]mbapIv. sXfnhp a\ÊnemIp¶ \ne]mSv tXSn ]nSn¡Wsa¶v Aht\mSv \nÀ_Ôn¡p¶XmIs«, Akw`hyhpw. F´p sImsI¶mÂ, AXp Irjnbpw k´m\hpw \in¡p¶Xn\pw sXmgnepIfpw hyhkmb§fpw apS§p¶Xn\pw CShcp¯pw. P\§sfÃmhcpw B hnÚm\¯nsâ k¼mZ\¯n hym]rXcmbmÂ, temIw iq\yamIp¶Xn\p AXp ImcWambn¯ocpw (apkvXkzv^m 2þ124).

Camw KÊmenbpsS asämcp {]kvXmh\ C{]ImcamWv : ""kzlm_¯v ]ckv]cw BZcn¡pIbpw GsXmcp apPvXlnZn\pw hn[n ]dbm\pw ^Xvhm \ÂIm\papÅ A[nImcw hIh¨p sImSp¡pIbpw GsXmcp km[mcW¡mc\pw Ah\pt±in¡p¶ apPvXlnZns\ XJveoZp sN¿p¶Xn\pw AwKoImcw \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXncp¶psh¶Xv hnizmk tbmKyamb \nch[n ]c¼cIfn IqSn h¶n«pÅ ImcyamWv. AXnsem«pw kwib¯n\hImianÃ''(apkvXkzv^m 2þ108).XJveoZn\p alm·mcmb kzlm_¯nsâ GI IWvTamb AwKoImcapsI¶p ta D²cWnIÄ hyàam¡p¶p.

XJveoZv kXyhnizmknIfpsS amÀKw

AÃmlphns\bpw dkqens\bpw A\pkcn¡Ww. F¦nte HcmÄ apkvenamIq. JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw kzoIcn¡pIbmWv Cu A\pkcW¯nsâ kcWn. Ah cIn \n¶pw kzbw hn[n BhnjvIcn¡m³ Ignbp¶hÀ CPvXnlmZp sN¿pI. IgnhnÃm¯hÀ ]WvVnX·msc A\pKan¡pI. CXmWv kXy hnizmknIfpsS amÀKw. Cu amÀK¯n \n¶pw hyXnNen¨p, kzbw ]mWvVnXyw \Sn¨p tkzjvSw. KthjW¯ns\mcp§p¶hÀ hnip² JpÀBsâ Xm¡oXv HmÀ¯ncn¡Ww :
k·mÀKw hyàambXn\p tijw hà hyànbpw dkqent\mSp hncp²w ImWn¡pIbpw kXyhnizmknIfpsS amÀKaÃm¯Xns\ A\pKan¡pIbpw sNbvXm Ah³ kzbw, GäSp¯Xv Ah\pw \mw GÂ]n¨p sImSp¡pIbpw Ahs\ \cI¯n {]thin¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pw. AXp No¯bmb aS¡Øm\as{X (hnip² JpÀB³ 4 :110).
]WvVnX `qcn]£s¯ A\pKan¡Wsa¶mWv AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNI³ apkvenwIsf ]Tn¸n¨n«pÅXv. AXp sImIv aZvl_v AwKoIcn¡Â A\pt]£WobamWv. AXp AhKWn¡Â B]¡chpw. imlv henbpÃmbn (d) ]dbp¶p :
Cu \mep aZvl_pIÄ kzoIcn¡p¶Xn henb {]tbmP\apsI¶pw, Ah apgph³ AhKWn¡p¶Xn henb \miapsI¶pw a\Ênem¡pI. Cu \mep aZvl_pIÄ¡p ]pdta, Cu KpWsshinjvSysam¯ asämcp aZvl_pw C¡me¯nÃ. \n§Ä `qcn]£s¯ A\pKan¡Wsa¶v \_n (kz) BÚm]n¨n«pIv. kXy aZvl_pIfn Cu \mse®samgn¨p aäpÅhsbÃmw \mamhtijambt¸mÄ Chsb A\pKan¡Â `qcn]£s¯ A\pKan¡epw Chbn \n¶p ]pd¯p t]mI `qcn]£¯n \n¶p ]pd¯p t]mIepambn¯oÀ¶p (CJvZp PnZv).

 aZvl_pIÄ AXnewLn¡p¶hsc kq£n¡pI
\_n (kz) sbbpw Xncpta\nbpsS apAvPnk¯pItfbpw t\cn IIp a\w IpfnÀ¡pIbpw {]hmNI in£Ww t\cn«p e`n¡pIbpw sNbvX kzlm_¯n\mWv kapZmb¯n H¶mw Øm\w. Ahcn \n¶v Ckvemw DÄsImI Xm_nDIÄ¡mWv cImw Øm\w. Xm_nD¯m_nDIÄ¡p aq¶mw Øm\hpw. \_n (kz) ]dbp¶p :
Fsâ kapZmb¯nep¯aÀ Fsâ \qämIpImcmWv. ]n¶oSv AhtcmSSp¯hcpw; ]n¶oSp AhtcmSSp¯hcpw' (_pJmcn, apkvenw).

temIw apt¶m«p t]mIpw tXmdpw P\w Zpjn¨p sImIncn¡psa¶v lZokpIÄ hyàam¡p¶p. D¯a \qämIpIfnemWv aZvl_nsâ CamapIÄ Pohn¨Xv. ]n¶oSv apPvXlnZpIfnÃmsX ]¯p \qämIpIÄ Ignªp IS¶psh¶v hnhn[ ImeL«§fnse ]WvVnX·mcpsS {]kvXmh\IÄ shfns¸Sp¯p¶p. Cu kpZoÀL ImeL«¯n¶nSbn Pohn¨p acn¨p t]mb hnÚm\ kap{Z§fmb e£¡W¡n\p ]WvVnX·mÀ \mensemcp aZvl_v kzoIcn¨hcmbncp¶p AhÀ hgn¡mWv \ap¡v JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw aäp Zo\o hnÚm\§fpw  e`n¨n«pÅXv. Ahsc JpÀB³ `mjy§fpw lZokphymJym\§fpw Ahew_n¨mWv C¶pÅhscÃmw JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw {Kln¡p¶Xv F¶ncns¡, AÚXbpsSbpw [mÀanI¯IÀ¨bpsSbpw ImeL«amb C¶v "apdn auehnIÄ' KthjW¯n\nd§n¯ncn¨m AXp kapZmb¯n\p hà KpWhpw sN¿ptam? CÃ; adn¨p kapZmbw IqSpX ]ng¡m\pw `n¶n¡m\pw am{Xta hgnsXfnbn¡pIbpÅq. alm\mb imlvhenbpÃmln (d) tcJs¸Sp¯n :
""t{ImUoIcn¡s¸SpIbpw kwkvIcns¨gpXs¸SpIbpw sNbvXn«pÅ Cu \mep aZvl_pIÄ XJveoZv sN¿Â A\phZ\obamsW¶Xn kapZmbw AYhm Ahcn ]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶hÀ \mfnXphsc GtIm]n¨ncn¡p¶p. AXn hyàamb \nch[n KpW§fpIv. Dt±iy§Ä hfsc XfÀ¶p t]mhpIbpw a\ÊpIfn X¶njvSw Øew ]nSn¡pIbpw Hmtcm A`n{]mb¡mc\pw Xsâ A`n{]mb¯n kwXr]vX\mhpIbpw sNbvXn«pÅ C¡me¯v {]tXyIn¨pw'' (lpÖ¯pÃmln _menK 1þ154).

\mep aZvl_pIfnÃm¯Xns\ XJveoZv sN¿Â A\phZ\obaÃ. kzlm_¯nsâ hm¡nt\mtSm, kzlolmb lZoknt\mtSm Bb¯nt\mtSm _mly¯n H¯p h¶mepw icn. \mep aZvl_pIfn \n¶pw ]pd¯p t]mbh³ hgn]ng¨h\pw ]ng¸n¡p¶h\pamWv. AXp Nnet¸mÄ Ahs\ Ahnizmk¯nte¡p Xs¶ Iq«n¡fbpw. ImcWw, JpÀB\nsâbpw kp¶¯nsâbpw _mlyhi§sf (bYmÀY hymJym\§Ä¡p hncp²ambn) ]nSnIqSpIsb¶Xp Ahnizmk¯nsâ ASnØm\ ImcW§fn s]«Xs{X'' (kzmhn 3þ9).

kzlm_¯ns\ XJveoZv sN¿m¯Xv F´p sImIv
 Cu kapZmb¯nse Gäw D¯a·mÀ kzlm_¯mWtÃm. Zo³ AXnsâ X\Xmb coXnbn ]Tn¨p DÄsImI Gäw henb ]WvVnXcpw AhÀ Xs¶. Hcp aZvl_v kzoIcn¡p¶psh¦n alm·mcmb A_q_¡À, DaÀ, Dkvam³, Aen (d) apXemb kzlm_namcn HcmfpsS aZvl_sà kzoIcnt¡IXv?

klm_¯nsâ Imew Ckvemansâ kphÀW bpKw Xs¶; ktµlanÃ. A¶p apPvXlnZpIÄ kpe`amWv. ]t£, Hcp kzlm_nbpsSbpw aZvl_v k¼qÀWambn tcJs¸Sp¯s¸«n«nÃ. A¶p AXnsâ BhiyapImbncp¶nÃ. {KÙ cN\bpsS ImeL«¯nemWv NXpÀ aZvl_nsâ CamapIÄ Pohn¨Xv. aX hnÚm\w Xg¨p hfÀ¶p {KÙcq]w {]m]n¨ Imeambncp¶p AXv. \_n (kz) bpsS Xncpkp¶¯pw, Jeo^amcpsS \S]SnIfpw,

Hcp C_mZ¯n HcmfpsS aZvl_v kzoIcn¡Wsa¦n AXnsâ ^Àfv, iÀXzv, kp¶¯v, ap_vXznemXv, aIvdqlmXv XpS§nb Imcy§fn Fs´ms¡bmWv AbmfpsS A`n{]mb§Ä F¶p ]qÀWambn AdnbWw. F¶mÂ, \nch[n Imcy§fn kzlm_¯n ]ecpsSbpw ^XvhIfpw \S]SnIfpw hn[nIfpw \½psS ap¼nepsI¦nepw GsX¦nepw Hcp C_mZ¯nÂ, ta ]dª hn[w k¼qÀWamb coXnbn AhcpsS aZvl_v \ap¡v e`n¨n«nÃ. A§s\ e`n¡p¶ ]£w, Ahsc XJveoZv sN¿mhp¶XmWv. alm\mb C_v\p A_vZnÊemw (d) ]dbp¶p :
GsX¦nepw Hcp kzlm_nbn \n¶v Hcp aZvl_v icnbmb hn[w Øncs¸«m At±ls¯ XJveoZv sN¿msa¶ Imcyw GIIWvTamIp¶p. AÃm¯]£w XJveoZv sN¿m³ ]mSnÃ. kzlm_n, XJveoZn\Àl\Ãm¯Xp sImIÃ; {]XypX kzlm_nbpsS aZvl_v ]qÀWambn Øncs¸«n«nà F¶Xp sImImWv (^Xmh Ip_vdm C_v\p lPÀ 4þ307).
Nne kwib§Ä

(1) Hmtcm \qämInsâ XpS¡¯nepw Cu kapZmb¯nsâ aXImcyw ]cnjvIcn¡p¶ Hcp ]cnjvIÀ¯mhv hcpsa¶v \_n (kz) ]dªn«pItÃm. FÃm \qämInepw apPvXlnZpImIpsa¶tà Cu lZokv hyàam¡p¶Xv?
tXªp amªp s]mbvsImIncn¡p¶ aX\nba§fpw hn[nIfpw Øm]n¨p \S¸n hcp¯p¶ BfmWv ChnsS ]cnjvIÀ¯mhp sImIpÅ hnh£. {]XypX kzX{´ apPvXlnZÃ

(2) lZokv kzlolmbn h¶m AXmWv Fsâ aZvl_v F¶v Camw im^n ]dªn«pItÃm. At¸mÄ {]Yaambn lZokptIm F¶p ]cntim[n¡pIbpw DsI¦n XZ\pkmcw {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpatà thIXv?
JpÀB\n \n¶pw lZokn \n¶pw aXhn[nIÄ kzbw BhnjvIcn¡Â, ]WvVnX·mÀ JWvVnXambn ]dªXpt]mse, CPvXnlmZnsâ Øm\s¯¯nbhÀ¡p am{Xta A\phZ\obamIpIbpÅq (^Xmh IpÀZn t].257). lZokp sImIp {]hÀ¯n¡pIsb¶Xp A{X Ffp¸aÃ. FÃm ]WvVnXÀ¡pw AXp A\phZ\obhpaÃ. ImcWw Camw im^n (d) kzlolmsW¶dnªp sImIp Xs¶ \nch[n lZokpIÄ At±l¯n\dnbmhp¶Xpw aäpÅhÀ¡v Ahyàhpamb ImcW§fm Dt]£n¨n«pIv. im^nbpsS {][m\ injy·mcnsemcmfmb aqk_v\p A_n PmdpZn\p t]mepw C¡mcy¯n A_²w ]nWªn«pIv. sIm¼v sh¨hsâbpw sh¡s¸«hsâbpw t\m¼v apdn¨p F¶ lZokv im^nbpsS hn[ns¡Xncmbn At±lw IIp. At±lw lZokv ]nSn¨p. F¶m \_n (kz) t\m¼pImc\mbncns¡ sIm¼p sh¨p F¶ lZokp sImIv {]kvXpX lZokv a³kqJmsW¶v Camw im^n Xs¶ ]dªn«pIv. AXv At±l¯n\dnbm³ IgnªnÃ. AXmWv A_²w ]nWbm³ ImcWw. Camw im^nbpsS {]kvXmh\ `mKnIambns«¦nepw CPvXnlmZn\p IgnhpÅhtcmSmWv (amZm hfo^Xp ^pJlm t] 18). (Camw im^nCbpsS hkzn¿¯v F¶ ioÀjIhpw ImWpI).
iàamb aäp lZokptIm? Asæn _em_e ]cntim[\m amÀKw F´mWv? Asæn hncp²§fpsS kwtbmP\ amÀKsa´mWv? Fs¶m¶pw Nn´n¡msX A`n{]mbhyXymkapÅ {]iv\§fn In«p¶ H¶mas¯ lZokp Xs¶ ssI]äm\pÅ NnehnhcanÃm¯hcpsS FSp¯pNm«w A]ISIcamWv.Nnet¸mÄ X§Ä¡p  e`n¡m¯ lZokpIsf \ntj[n¡m³ AhÀ [rXn ImWn¡p¶p. Imcy§fnseÃmw CamapIfpsS Blzm\w kzoIcn¨ncn¡pIbmsW¶hÀ hmZn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ImcWw Hmtcm Caman \n¶pw lZokv kzlolmbm AXmsWsâ aZvl_v F¶hÀ ]dªXmbn C¡q«À  D²cn¡p¶p. ]t£, AXv FXnÀ sXfnhv CÃmt¯S¯mWv. AXv DtIm F¶v ChÀs¡§s\ Adnbm³ Ignbpw? (AtX IrXn t]Pv.13).

am{XaÃ, lZokv {KÙ§fn Hcp lZokv ZpÀºeambn IIm AXp aZvl_nsâ  ho£W¯n ZpÀ_eambn sImÅWsa¶nÃ. lZokv ZpÀ_ew IW¡m¡p¶Xn\p lZokv {KÙImc∙mcpw CamapIfpw kzoIcn¨n«pÅ am\ZWvV§Ä X½n A´capIv. AhcpsS ]e am\ZWvV§fpw CamapIfpsS ASp¯v ]cnKW\ob§fà (Ibid t] 14).

(3) ZrjvSm´§Ä h¶Xn\p tijw hn`mKobXbpw  A`n{]mb hyXymkhpw ]peÀ¯nb (]qÀÆ thZ¡mcmb) hn`mKs¯ t]mse \n§fmIcpsX¶p JpÀB³ ]dªncns¡ \mep aZvl_pIfnembn kapZmbw `n¶n¡m³ ]äptam?
imJm]camb Imcy§fn am{XamWv aZvl_pIfpsS A`n{]mbm´cw. aX¯nsâ auenI Imcy§fneÃ, auenI Imcy§fn `n¶n¡cpXv F¶p  am{XamWv JpÀB³ ]dªn«pÅXv. CPvXnlmZp sNbvXv kXy¯nse¯nbm cIp Iqenbpw ]ng¨m Hcp IqenbpapsI¶p \_n (kz) ]dªXv AXn\p sXfnhmWv (ss_fmhn 1þ225).

(4) XJveoZns\ aZvl_nsâ CamapIÄ Xs¶ hntcm[n¨n«nsÃ?
D v, AXv kzX{´amtbm `mKnIamtbm CPvXnlmZn\p IgnhpÅhÀ¡p am{Xw _m[IamWv (lpÖ¯pÃmln _menK1þ 15). IgnhnÃm¯hÀ¡v XJveoZv A\phZ\obamsW¶Xn kzlm_¯pw A\´c KmanIfpw GIIWvTambn GtIm]n¨ncns¡ CamapIÄ AXp \ntcm[n¡ptam? 

Dkzqep ^nJvlv
kzbw CPvXnlmZv \S¯n JpÀB\n \n¶pw kp¶¯n \n¶pw CkvemanI hn[nIÄ {]Jym]n¡m³ IgnhpÅhcmbncp¶p \mep aZvl_nsâbpw CamapIÄ. ASnØm\ {]amW§fn \n¶v hn[n IsI¯p¶Xv hyhØm]nXamb Hcp am\ZÞw ASnØm\am¡nbmhWw. Cu \nZm\imkv{X¯n\v Dkzqep ^nJvlv F¶v ]dbp¶p. Cu Dkzqep ASnØm\am¡nbmWv CamapIÄ CPvXnlmZv \S¯p¶Xv. DZmlcWambn, ""JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepw hcp¶ FÃm IÂ]\Ifpw \nÀ_Ôs¯ Ipdn¡p¶Xpw FÃm \ntcm[\Ifpw \njn²s¯ Ipdn¡p¶XpamWv.'' \nZm\ imkv{X ¯nse Hcp s]mXp \nbaamWnXv. C¯cw Hcp \nbaw apPvXlnZv ]dbWsa¦n JpÀB\nepw ]¯p e£¯n ]cw hcp¶ kp¶¯nepapÅ _lp`qcn`mKw IÂ]\Ifpw \ntcm[\§fpw apPvXlnZv ]Tn¨ncn¡Ww. Cu]T\¯neqsS Ahbnse IÄ] \Ifpw \ntcm[\Ifpw \nÀ_Ôs¯bpw \njn²s¯bpw Ipdn¡p¶XmsW¶v t_m[ys¸Sp¼mÄ am{XamWv HcSnØm\ \nbaambn AXp {]Jym]n¡pI. ]n¶oSv IÂ]\m{Inb AS§p¶ Bbt¯m lZotkm II¯nbm {]XnIqe sXfnhpIÄ CÃmXncn¡p¼mÄ Ah \nÀ_Ôs¯ Ipdn¡p¶psh¶v apPvXlnZn\v ]dbm³ Ignbpw.
\nZm\ imkv{Xw Hmtcm Camapw ky´ambn t{ImUoIcn¡p¶Xn\m Ah hyXyØ ambncn¡pw. Ah ASnØm\am¡n Is ¯p¶ akvAeIfnepw Cu `n¶X kzm`m hnIw am{XamWv. Ckvemansâ auenI XXz§fnsem¶pw aZvl_pIÄ X½n bmsXmc`n{]mb `n¶XIfpanÃ.
 kzX{´hpw \ncp]m[nIhpamb CPvXnlmZn\p IgnhpÅhÀ im^nCu (d) Camansâ ASp¯ Imet¯msS Ahk\n¨Xmbn ]WvVnX·mÀ tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pIv. F¶m CPvXnlmZnsâ hmXn Bcpw sIm«nbS¨XÃ. Hcp ]WvVnX\pw A§s\ ]dªn«panÃ. \n_Ô\IÄ Hcpan¨p IqSnb CPvXnlmZn\ÀlX t\Snb ]WvVnXcpsS A`mh¯n AXp kzbw ASªp t]mbXmWv.
tNmZyw: CPvXnlmZnsâ hmXneSªpt]mbn. temI¯v \ho\amb \nch[n {]iv\§Ä ASn¡Sn DImbns¡mIncn¡p¶p. \mw F´p sN¿pw.?
adp]Sn: Hmtcm {]iv\§Ä¡pw Hmtcm¶mbn ]cnlmcw \nÀt²in¡Â A{]mtbmKnIamWv. AXv sImIv, H¶mw ]ZhbnepÅ apPvXlnZv Øm]n¨ ASnØm\ \nba§Ä am\ZÞam¡n KthjWw \S¯pIbpw {]iv\§Ä¡p ]cnlmcw IsI¯p Ibpw sN¿mw. DZmlcWambn im^nCu (d) hyàambn ]cmaÀin¨n«nÃm¯ Hcp hnjbw Xsâ injy\mb apkv\n (d) bpsS Ime¯pImbm im^nCu (d) bpsS \nZm\ imkv{Xw ASnØm\am¡n CPvXnlmZv \S¯n hn[n IsI¯mw. CamapIÄ tcJs¸Sp¯n sh¨ `{Zamb ASnØm\ \nba§fnepw hym]vXn IqSnb hniZoIW§fnepw ]T\w \S¯n, ]n¡me¯pImIp¶ FÃm hn[ {]iv\§Ä¡pw {]Xnhn[n IsI¯m³ ]WvVnXÀ¡v km[n¡pw. FÃm Xcw apPvXlnZnIfpsSbpw Ime¯n\p tijw, C¶v kaql¯nepImIp¶ ]pXnb {]iv\§Ä¡v ]cnlmcw ImtWIXp ^nJvlnsâ InXm_pIfn \S¯s¸Sp¶ "_lvkv' aptJ\bmWv.
CPvamAv

apkvenw temIw AwKoIcn¨ JWvVnXamb tcJbmWv CPvamAv. \kvJn\p(1)t]mepw CXp hnt[baÃ. CPvamAv sImIv Øncs¸« Hcp hnjb¯n\p Hcn¡epw \nba {]m_eyw \jvSamInÃ. CPvamAv Zo\n sXfnhmsW¶v Ipdn¡p¶ Bb¯ns\ kw_Ôn¨v Camw im^nCu (d) tbmSv tNmZn¡s¸«t¸mÄ ap¶qdv {]mhiyw JpÀB³ ]mcmbWw sNbvX tijw \nkmAv kqd¯nse Bb¯mWv F¯n¨Xv (dmkn, hmfyw 13, t]Pv 43).
""k·mÀKw hyàamb tijw Bsc¦nepw {]hmNIÀ¡v FXncmhpIbpw apAvan\pIÄ kzoIcn¨XÃm¯ amÀKw ]n´pScpIbpw sNbvXm Aht\säSp¯Xnsâ `mcw Ahs\¯s¶ \mw G¸n¡pw. Ahs\ \mw \cK¯nte¡p tNÀ¡pw. AXp sN¶ptNcp¶ Øe§fn sh¨v Gähpw No¯bmIp¶p'' F¶ BibapÄs¡mÅp¶XmWv D]cypà kqàw.
 apAvan\pIfptSXÃm¯ amÀKw kzoIcn¡p¶Xnsâ `hnjy¯pIÄ Cu kqàw hyà am¡p¶p. Hcp hnjb¯nepÅ CPvamAv kXyhnizmknIfpsS amÀKambXn\m AXp AhKWn¡Â asämcp amÀKt¯mSp XpScembncn¡pw. AXp h³ Ipä§fn s]Spsa¶v ssiJv lk\p AYzmÀ (d) lminbXp PwC PhmanAv hmfyw 2, t]Pv 233  hyàam¡nbncn¡p¶p.
tIhew apAvan\pIfpsS am{Xw GtIm]\aà CPvamAv. {]XyqX Cuam\nIamb ]qÀ®Xbpw AKm[amb ]mWvVnXyhpw KthjW ]SpXzhapÅ ]WvVnX·mcpsS GtIm]\amWXv.
 Camw kp_vIn (d) CPvamCs\ C{]Imcw \nÀÆNn¨ncn¡p¶p. ""\_n (kz) bpsS h^mXn\p tijw  GsX¦nepw hnjb¯n Hcp Ime¯pÅ KthjW ]SpXzapÅ ]¬VnX·mÀ apgph³ GtIm]n¡pI''. CPvamAv apPvXlnZpIsf sImIv am{Xw {]tXyIamWv. aäpÅhcpsS GtIm]\¯n\p Hcp {]kànbpanÃ. CXp AhnXÀ¡nXas{X (PwD PhmanAv hmfyw 2, t]Pv 176, 177).
JpÀB³, kp¶¯v, CPvamAv F¶nhsb Xpey {]m[m\yt¯msSbmWv JpÀB³ Xs¶ ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶Xv. AÃmlp ]dbp¶p :""AÃmlphn\pw dkqen\pw Dep Awdn\pw \n§Ä hgns¸SpI'' (kqd¯p¶nkmAv) Camw dmkn(d) Cu Bb¯ns\ hniZoIcn¡p¶Xp ImWpI.

""Cu Bb¯n AÃmlphn\pw dkqen\pw hgns¸Sm³ ]dªXnt\msSm¸amWv DepÂAwdn\pw hgns¸Sm³ AÃmlp Ie¸n¨Xv. At¸mÄ AÃmlphns\bpw dkqens\bpw t]mse¯s¶ sXäp kw`hn¡m¯ hn`mKambncn¡Ww DepÂAwdv. ImcWw sXäv kw`hn¡p¶hÀ¡v hgns¸Sm³ AÃmlp Xd¸n¨v ]dbnÃ. AÃmlphn\pw dkqen\pw hgns¸SWsa¶v IÂ]n¨ AtX ssienbnemWv Dep Awdn\p hgns¸Sm\pw ]dbp¶Xv. AXn\m DepÂAwdv sXäv kw`hn¡m¯hcmsW¶v XoÀ¨. A¼nbm¡Ä¡pÅ Cu khntijXbpÅhÀ Hcp \nÝnX kaqlamIWw. Ahcs{X Alvep lÃn h AJvZv (apPvXlnZpIÄ). At¸mÄ AÃmlphn sâbpw dkqensâbpw hm¡pIÄ tcJbmIp¶ {]Imcw apPvXlnIpfmIp¶ kaql¯nsâ A`n{]mbhpw tcJbmsW¶v Øncs¸«p ( X^vkodpÀ dmkn: hmfyw 10, t]Pv 144).
JpÀB³ kp¶¯pt]msebpÅ Hcp tcJbmbn KWn¡s¸Sp¶Xv AhcpsS GtIm]\w am{XamWv. Häs¸« A`n{]mb§fÃ, Camw dmkn (d) ]dbp¶p: ""ta Bb¯n sam¯ hnjb§sf cImbn AÃmlp hn`Pn¨ncn¡p¶p.
(1) hn[n hyàambXv. Ahbn AÃmlphn\pw dkqen\pw DepÂAwdn\pw hgns¸Sm\mWv AÃmlphnsâ \nÀt±iw. (2) hn[n hyàaÃm¯Xv. Ahbn CPvXnlmZv  \S¯m\mWv \nÀt±iw. AXnte¡pÅ kqN\bmWv \nkmAv kqd¯nse A¼¯n H¼Xmw Bb¯v (dmkn: hmfyw 10, t]Pv 148).
 ta hniZoIcW¯n \n¶v JpÀB³, kp¶¯v F¶nh t]mse asämcp ASnØm\ tcJbmWv CPvamAv F¶pw Hcp Imcy¯n CPvamAv Øncs¸«m ]n¶oSv CPvXnZmln\p Øm\ansöpw hyàambn. CPvamCsâ ]cnKW\obXbmWv CXp hnfnt¨mXp¶Xv. AXn\memWv Hcp hnjbIambn Øncs¸« CPvamC\p hn]coXw sN¿Â \njn²amsW¶v Camw kp_vIn(d) PwDÂPhmanC {]kvXmhn¡m³ ImcWw. JpÀB³ kqà¯n hyàamb Xm¡oXv h¶Xn\m ewL\w h³ Ipä¯n s]Spsa¶v lminbXp AXzmÀ: hmfyw 2, t]Pv 233  hyàam¡nbn«pIv.
C{]Imcw GIIWvTamb {]kvXmh\ ]WvVnX·mÀ \S¯Wsa¦n Bhiyamb tcJ e`n¨ncn¡Ww. {]kvXpX tcJ \ap¡v e`n¨nsöXp apPvXlnZpIfpsS CPvamCs\ _m[n¡pIbnÃ. hmkvXh¯n Cu hnjbIambn CPvamAv Xs¶ {]kàam¡p¶Xv X kw_Ôamb tcJ \ap¡v e`n¡mXncn¡pt¼mgmWv.
aZvl_nsâ ]WvVnXscÃmw CXp ]dªn«pIv. im^nCu \nZm\ imkv{X {KÙamb PwDÂPhmanAv hmfyw 2, t]Pv 195, l\^o \nZm\ imkv{X {KÙamb ^hmXnlpÀd lvaq¯v hmfyw 2, t]Pv 239, amenIo \nZm\ imkv{Xamb ap³Xl Aa hmfyw 1, t]Pv 43 F¶nh t\m¡pI.
 CXpsImImWv \nivNnXamb Hcp lZokns\ kw_Ôn¨v AXp \kvJv sN¿s¸«XmsW¶pw, \kvJnt·Â Adnbn¡p¶ sXfnhv CPvamBsW¶pw lm^nfv hen¿p CdmJn (d) ^Xvlp apKokv t]Pv 322  {]kvXmhn¨Xv.
idC¿mb e£y¯nsâ ]n³_eanÃmsX Hcp hnjb¯n apPvXlnZpIfpsS CPvamAv kw`hn¡nÃ. sXfnhnsâ A`mh¯nepÅ GtIm]\w sXämb Imcy¯nt·epÅ GtIm]\amWv. CXp kw`hyasöv \_n (kz) ]dªXmbn lm^nfv A_q\psFw (d) lnÂbXv hmfyw 3, t]Pv 33 epw C_v\p Aºmkv (d) hgn XnÀapZnbpw ss_lJn (d) bpw \nthZ\w sNbvXXmbn A ZpÀdp a³kzqÀ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 222 epw A_p\fvdXv (d) hgn Camw AlvaZv (d) \nthZ\w sNbvXXmbn aPvaDÊhmCZv hmfyw1,t]Pv177epw ImWmhp¶XmWv. A_q\fvdXn (d)  \n¶v Cu lZokv Camw Xz_vdm\n (d) bpw C_v\p apÀZqb(d)bpw \nthZ\w sNbvXXmbn AÂZpÀdp a³kzqÀ hmfyw 3, t]Pv 18 epw D²cn¨n«pIv.

(1)\nehnepÅ \nabs¯ FSp¯pIfbp¶Xn\mWv \kvJv F¶p ]dbpI. CXv AÃmlphn \n¶v \_n (kz) aptJ\ e`n¡p¶ hnjbamWv. BcpsSbpw hntcm[¯n\v Cu hnjb¯n {]kànbnÃ. \kvJv \S¶Xmbn Adnbm\pÅ Hcp amÀKamWv CPvamAv. Camw im^nCu (d) bpw C¡mcyw AwKoIcn¨n«pIv. Camw im^nCu(d) ]dbp¶p: ""acWw Bk¶amb tcmKn Xsâ AhIminIÄ¡v kz¯nsâ \nÝnX hnlnXw hkzn¿¯mbn \ÂIWsa¶mWv JpÀBsâ IÂ]\. A\´cmhIminIÄ¡v hkzn¿¯nsö lZokv apl±nkpIÄ (lZokv ]WvVnX·mÀ) kzoIcn¡p¶nÃ. ]t£, {]kvXpX lZoknsâ Bibw kÀÆ ]¬VnX·mcpw GtIm]n¨Xmb Xn\m JpÀB³ ]dª hkzn¿¯v \nbaw A{]m_eyam¡s¸« \nbaam sW¶v ]¬VnX·mÀ {]kvXmhn¨p  (^Xvlp apÂlow hmfyw 1, t]Pv 58).
Camw KÊmen (d) FgpXp¶p: "Hcp hnjb¯n KthjWw \S¯p¶ apPvXlnZv, X hnjbIambn CPvamAv DtIm F¶mWv BZyambn Nn´nt¡IXv. CPvamAv DsI¶v kvYncs¸«m InXm_nepw kp¶¯nepapÅ ]cntim[\ Dt]£nt¡IXmWv. ImcWw Ah cIpw \kvJn\p hnt[bamWv. CPvamAv \kvJn\p hnt[baÃ. BbXn\m InXm_nepw kp¶¯nepw DÅXn\v hncp²ambn CPvamAv Øncs¸«m \kvJv \S¶n«psI¶Xn\p AXpXs¶ JWvVnXamb sXfnhmWv''(A apkvX kzv^ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 392).
 Npcp¡¯nÂ, CPvamAv CÃm¯t¸mgmWv kp¶¯nte¡v aSt§IsX¶p hcpt¼mÄ kp¶¯nt\¡mÄ ap³KW\bpÅ tcJbmWv CPvamAv F¶p hcp¶p. At¸mÄ AhcpsS GtIm]\w (CPvamAv) Øncs¸«m ]ns¶ AXns\Xncn kp¶¯v Is­I¯nbm Xs¶bpw AXp tcJbmbn Ahew_n¡m¯Xpw CPvamAv Ahew_nt¡I­XpamWv. {]kvXpX lZokpw AXnsâ hymJym\hpw IsI¯nb apPvXlnZpIfmWtÃm AXns\Xncn GtIm]n¡p¶Xv. CXpXs¶bmWv Dkzq {KÙ§fn CPvamAv \Êzns\¡mÄ ap´n¡s¸tSIXmsW¶v ]dªXnsâ clkyw (CwD PhmanAv hmfyw 2, t]Pv 372 t\m¡pI).
kpIqXn¿mb CPvamAv
apPvXlnZpIfmb ]WvVnX·mcn \n¶pÅ NneÀ Hcp hn[n ]dbpIbpw AXdnª tijw _m¡nbpÅ apPvXlnZpIsfÃmw AXp kw_Ôambn au\w Zo£n¡pIbpw sN¿emWv kpIqXn¿mb CPvamAv' (PwD PhmanAv hmfyw 2, t]Pv 187).
A¡me¯v Pohn¨ncn¸pÅ apgph³ apPvXlnZpIfpsSbpw au\amWv AXn ]cnK Wn¡s¸SpI. Cu \nÀÆN\{]Imcw kqIqXn¿mb CPvamAv \ncp]m[nIw tcJbmsW¶mWv icnbmb A`n{]mbsa¶pw CXmWv im^nCu Akzvlm_nsâbSp¡Â {]kn²ambsX¶pw Camw dm^n Cu (d) {]kvXmhn¨ncn¡p¶p (PwD PhmanAv hmfyw 2, t]Pv 189, 190).
 Camw \hhn (d) idlp hkoYn ]dbp¶p: kpIqXn¿mb CPvamAv tcJbpw, CPvamDamsW¶mWv Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS aZvl_n kzlolmb A`n{]mbw. Hc`n{]mb¯n au\w Zo£n¨ hyànbnte¡v B A`n{]mbs¯ tNÀ¡m³ ]änsöp Camw im^nCu (d) ]dªXv CXns¶XncmInÃ. au\w ]men¨XpsImIv B A`n{]mbw Xm³ hyàambn ]cnKWn¨p IqsS¶mWnXnsâ AÀYw. AÃmsX A`n{]mbs¸« hyànXntbmSv tbmPn¸v {]ISam¡ens\ \ntj[n¡Â hcp¶nÃ'' (_ ¶m\n hmfyw 2, t]Pv 189).

Camw KÊmen (d) ]dbp¶Xp ImWpI: ""Hcp kzlm_nbpsS hm¡v {]kn²nbmÀÖn¡pIbpw BcpsS `mK¯v \n¶pw FXnÀ¸nÃmXncn¡pIbpw sNbvXm AXp tcJbmsW¶v Camw im^nCu (d) Xs¶ hyàam¡nbn«pIv (A apkvXkzv^ hmfyw 1, t]Pv 271).

im^nCu aZvl_nse {]KÛ ]WvVnX\mb Camw KÊmen (d) Ggv ImcW§fp²cn¨psImIv kpIqXn¿mb CPvamAv Ckveman tcJbsöpw GIm`n{]mbambn au\s¯ IW¡m¡phm³ ]mSnsöpw kaÀYn¡p¶pIv (A apkvXkzv^ hmfyw 1, t]Pv 192, DÂ]XnjvWp ]pkvXIw t]Pv 51).
apkvXkz^bpsSXmbn X«nhn« Imcy§Ä  AhÀ¯n¨pÅ {]Jym]\w am{XamWv. apkvXkzv^ ]dªXnsâ Npcp¡anXmWv. ""au\w Zo£n¨ apPvXlnZpIÄ a\kw Xr]vXntbmsSbmWv AXp sNbvXsX¶dnbn¡p¶ kmµÀ`nI ASbmf§fnÃmsX kpIqXn¿mb CPvamAv tcJbmhpItbm CPvamBbn ]cnKWn¡s¸SpItbm CÃ. ImcWw a\xkwXr]vXn IqSmsX Ggp ImcW§Ä¡p thIn au\w Zo£ns¨¶p hcpw'' (A apkXkzv^ hmfyw 1, t]Pv 191, 192).
kpIqXn¿mb CPvamAv tcJbsöv Ggv ImcW§Ä sImIv kaÀYn¡pIbà ChnsS sN¿p¶Xv. adn¨v tcJbmIWsa¦n au\ahew_n¨hÀ Xr]vXns¸«ncn¡p¶psh¶v Ipdn¡p¶ kmµÀ`nI ASbmf§Ä DImIWsa¶pw Ggv ImcW§fm Xr]vXnbnÃmsX Xs¶ au\w Zo£n¡m³ km[yXbpsI¶pw am{XamWv apkvXkzv^ ]dªXv. akvXnjvIw achn¡m¯hÀs¡Ãmw CXp a\ÊnemIpw. 
ap^vXn
^Xvh \ÂIm³ AÀlXbpÅ ]WvVnXsc Camw \hhn (d) A©mbn Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p. H¶mw ]ZhnbnepÅhÀ kzX{´hpw \ncp]m[nIhpamb CPvXnlmZv \S¯n ^Xvh \ÂIm³ tbmKyXbpÅhcmWv. aäv \mep ]ZhbnepÅhÀ¡v kz´ambn \nZm\ imkv{Xw cq]s¸Sp¯m³ Ignbm¯Xn\m \nZm\ imkv{X¯n ChÀ kzX{´amb CPvXnlmZn\v IgnhpÅhcÃ. C¯c¯nepÅhÀ \nZm\ imkv{X¯nse¦nepw Hcp Camans\ Ahew`nt¨ ]äq. ChÀ `mKnIambn CPvXnlmZn\v _m[yØcmWv. \hhn (d) XpScp¶p: Hcp Camant\mSv tNÀ¶v \n¡p¶ ap^vXnIfn \memw Øm\¯ncn¡p¶ hyàn aZvl_nse k¦oÀ®hpw AÃm¯hbpamb Imcy§Ä {Kln¡pI, Ah D²cn¡pI, aZvl_ns\ sam¯ambn lrZnØam¡pI XpS§nb KpW§Ä kt½fn¨h\mbncn¡Ww. ]t£, aZvl_nsâ tcJIÄ kaÀYn¡pI, Jnbmkp (Xpe\w sN¿Â) IÄ ØncoIcn¡pI XpS§nb {]bmkIcamb Imcy§fn AbmÄ¡v IgnhpImbncn¡pIbnÃ. ]t£, B[nImcnI {KÙ§Ä B[cam¡n \ Ip¶ ^Xvhbn At±ls¯ Ahew_n¡mhp¶XmWv.

C{]Imcw aZvl_n hyàambn ]cmaÀin¡m¯ Hcp hnjb¯n Kl\amb Nn´ IqSmsX X¯peyamb asäm¶v aZvl_n \n¶v Xs¶ Ct±l¯n\v hyàambm AXnt\mSv Jnbmkv \S¯mhp¶Xpw AX\pkcn¨v ^Xvh \ÂImhp¶XpamWv. aZvl_nsâ s]mXp\nba¯nsâ hym]vXnbn B Imcyw DÄs¸Spsa¶v t_m[ys¸Sp t¼mgpw {]kvXpX s]mXp\nba {]Imcw hn[n \nÀ®bn¡mw. C¯c¯nepÅXÃm¯ hnjb§fn Ct±lw ^Xvh \ÂImhp¶Xà (idlp apl±_v 1:44).

ap^vXnIfpsS \memw Øm\¯pÅhcpsS KpW§fmWv Camw \hhn (d) ]dªXv. hyàamb Jnbmkns\ Ipdn¨mWv C{Xbpw ]dªXv. F¶m Ahyàamb Jnbmkn\v C¯c¡mÀ¡v km[ytabÃ. ta \n_Ô\IfpImhpt¼mÄ am{XamWv hyàamb Jnbmkv Xs¶ ssIImcyw sN¿m\mhpI. F¶m tJZIcsa¶v ]dbs«, Camw \hhn (d) ]dª H¶mw ]ZhnbmWn¶v ]ecpw AhImis¸Sp¶Xv. F¶m ap^vXnIfpsS A©mw ]Zhn¡p t]mepw tbmPn¨hÀ C¶v \nehnensöv C¯c¡mÀ Adnbp¶nÃ. lnPvdx aq¶mw \qäm n\v tijw kzX{´ CPvXnlmZv \S¯m³ Ign hmÀPn¨hÀ D mbn«nÃ.
Camw iAvdm\n (d) ]dbp¶p: ""Hcp Camant\mSpw tNÀ¶v \n¡msX kzX{´ambn CPvXnlmZv \S¯m³ X\n¡mIpsa¶v \mev CamapIÄ¡v tijw apl½Zp_v\p PcodpXz_vcn (d) bÃmsX hmZn¨n«nÃ. At±l¯nsâ hmZw AwKoIcn¡s¸«n«panÃ."" aokm\p Ip_vd 1:16).

kzX{´ CPvXnlmZn\p tbmKyXbnsænepw \ncp]m[nIw Jnbmkv \S¯m³ Ignbp¶hcmWv "Akzvlm _p hpPqlv 'F¶dnbs¸Sp¶hÀ. \memw \qämIn\v tijw Cu tbmKyXbpÅhcpw D mbn«nÃ. C_v\plPÀ (d) ]dbp¶p: ""ap^vXn¡mhiyamb \n_Ô\IÄ H¡msX hcnIbpw ^Xvh \ÂIm³ AÀlXbpÅhcpsS cN\bn Xsâ hnjbw CÃmsX hcnIbpw sNbvXm ^Xvh \ÂIm³ ]mSnÃ. Xsâ hnjbhpambn kmayXbpÅ Ht¶m ctIm hnjb§Ä e`n¨mepw icn. ^nJvlnsâ apgph³ A²ymb§fnepw apPvXlnZv apXzveJv kzoIcn¡p¶ \nZm\ \nba§fn ka{K Úm\apÅhcmWv IÀ½ imkv{X¯n kmKcXpeycmbhÀ. Camw hyàambn ]dªn«nÃm¯ akvAeIfn Jnbmkv \S¯n hn[n ]dbm³ C¯c¡mÀ¡v Ignbpw. CXp]t£, Akzvlm_p hpPqlnsâ ]ZhnbmWv. C¡me¯v A¯cw ]WvVnXcnÃ. ImcWw lnPvdx 400 \v tijw B ]ZhnbnepÅhÀ DImbn«nà (^Xmh Ip_vd :4:296).
ta hnhcW¯n \n¶v \mev Imcy§Ä hyàamWv. (1) \ncp]m[nIw Jnbmkv \S¯m³ IgnhpÅhÀ  lnPvd 400 \v tijw DImbn«nÃ. (2) C^vXmCsâ A©mw ]ZhnbnepÅhÀ¡v t]mepw hyàamb Jnbmkv am{Xta sN¿m\mIq. (3) C^vXmCsâ FÃm ]Zhnbpw AkvXan¨v Ignª C¡me¯v Jnbmkv F¶ {]iv\ta DZn¡p¶nÃ. (4) C\nbpw CPvXnlmZnsâ IhmSw Xpd¶p sh¨v CamapamcmIm³ {ian¡p¶Xv `qjWaÃ.
C_v\p lPÀ (d) ]dbp¶p: ""CPvXnlmZv \S¯nbncn¡Wsa¶ IÂ]\ AXn\v ]WvVnX·mÀ ]dª \n_Ô\IÄ H¯nW§nb  ]WvVnX·mtcmSmsW¶v IÀ½imkv{X ]WvVnX·mÀ hyàam¡nbn«pIv. ]n¡me¯pÅ ]WvVnXscm¶pw ta \n_Ô\IfpÅhcmbn \n\¡v e`n¡pIbnÃ. Cu kmlNcy¯n CPvXnlmZv \S¯mXncn¡p¶Xn Ahcmcpw Ipä¡mcÃ. ImcWw ]WvVnXÀ ]dª \n_Ô\Ifnsem¶mWv IqÀ½_p²n. ]cn{iaimenbmb HcmÄ¡v CPvXnlmZnsâ ]Zhnbnse¯m³ ]cym]vXamb _p²n iànbmWv CXp sImIv hnh£. \½psS Akzvlm_pw AÃm¯hcpamb \nch[n ]WvVnX·mÀ PohnXImew apgph³ ]cn{i an¨n«pw ta Øm\w IcØam¡m\mbnÃ. AXn\m  ]WvVnX·mÀ ]dª IqÀa _p²nbpÅhcà Ahsc¶v \mw a\Ênem¡p¶p (^Xmh Ip_vd:4:303).
C_v\p JÂZq\nsâ hnJymX Ncn{X {KÙamb apJ±nabn ]dbp¶p. ""FÃm cmPy§fpw \mep aZvl_nsâ CamapIsf XJveoZv sN¿p¶Xn tbmPn¨ncn¡p¶p. CPvXnlmZnsâ ]Zhn ssIhcn¡p¶Xn\p amÀ¤ XSÊapImhpIbpw A\Àlcmb BfpIÄ CPvXnlmZn ]«w Nabpsa¶v `bs¸SpIbpw sNbvXt¸mÄ X§Ä CPvXnlmZn\v AiàcmW¶v ]WvVnX·mscÃmw {]Jym]n¡pIbpw \mep CamapIsf XJveoZv sN¿m³ P\§sf t{]cn¸n¡pIbpapImbn. C¶v apkvenwIÄ \mensemcp aZvl_v XJveoZv sN¿p¶Xn am{Xw HXp§n \n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. CXv a\Ênem¡nbXn\memWv XuloZv kwØm]\hpambn cwK{]thiw sNbvX C_v\p A_vZp hlvlm_p t]mepw C{]Imcw {]kvXmhn¨Xv. ""IÀ½]cambn \mw AlvaZv_v\p l¼en (d) sâ aZvl_v kzoIcn¨hcmWv. \men GXv aZvl_v kzoIcn¨htcbpw \mw FXnÀ¡p¶nÃ. aäp aZvl_pIÄ t{ImUoIrXaÃm¯Xn\m Ah A\pIcn¡mhXÃ. dm^nfn¿¯v, sskZn¿¯v, Camanb¯v XpS§nbhsc \mw AwKoIcn¡pt¶bnÃ. \men Hcp aZvl_v kzoIcn¡m³ \mw Ahsc \nÀ_Ôn¡p¶p. \ncp]m[nIw CPvXnlmZnsâ ]Zhn \mw AhImis¸Sp¶nÃ. A§s\ AhImis¸Sp¶hÀ \½psS AcnIn CÃXm\pw (knbm\Xp C³km³ 474).
AS¡s¸« IhmSw
 Ckvemansâ ASnØm\ {]amW§fn \n¶v aXhn[nIÄ KthjWw sNbvsXSp¡p¶ Xn\mkv]Zamb \nZm\ imkv{X XXz§Ä BhnjvIcn¨p, XZSnØm\¯n FÃm A[ymb§fnepw k¼qÀW KthjWw kzX{´ambn \S¯p¶ \ncp]m[nI apPvXlnZpIÄ \mep aZvl_nsâ CamapIÄ¡p tijw DImbn«nÃ. B al¯mb IhmSw, AhtcmsS, AS¡s¸«ncn¡bmWv.

C_v\p lPdn sslXanbpsS {]kvXmh\ ImWpI: FÃm A[ymb§fnepw bYmÀYambpw KthjWw \S¯pIsb¶Xp GItZiw Camw im^nbpsS Imew sXm«v C¶phsc Adnbs¸«n«nÃ. F§s\ AXp kw`hn¡pw? \nZm\ imkv{X XXz§fpw lZokv imkv{X XXz§fpw aäp ASnØm\ \nba§fpw kwØm]n¡p¶Xns\ B{ibn¨ncn¡p¶ ImcyamWXv. apPvXlnZnsâ IIp ]nSp¯§sfÃmw, {]kvXpX ASnØm\ \nba§sf Ahew_am¡nbmWv ]pd¯p sImIp hcp¶Xv. ChbpsS kwØm]\amWv P\§sf kzX{´amb CPvXnlmZnsâ bYmÀY Øm\w {]m]n¡p¶Xn\p A{]m]vXcm¡nbn«pÅXv        (Xplv^ 10þ109).

AÃmam IpÀZn ]dbp¶p : ""C¶p CPvXnlmZns\ hmZn¡pIsb¶Xp hfsc hnZqcamWv. Hcp apPvXlnZpw Pohn¨ncn¸nsöp P\§Ä GtIm]n¨ ^e¯nemsW¶p Camw dm^n, \hhn F¶o alm·mcpw AhÀ¡v ap¼v Camw dmknbpw {]kvXmhn¨n«pIv. ap¶qdp hÀj¯n\¸pdw hcp¶ kpZoÀLamb Imew apX kzX{´ apPvXlnZv CÃmsXbmbncn¡p¶psh¶v (Bdmw \qämIpImc\mb) C_v\pÊzemlpw ]dªn«pIv (^Xmh IpÀZn t]Pv : 257).

CPvXnlmZnsâ Øm\w {]m]n¨ Bcpw Xsâ Ime¯nsöp lnPvd 505  acn¨ alm\mb Camw KÊmen At±l¯nsâ temI {]kn² {KÙamb ClvbmDepap±o\n (1þ43)  hyàam¡nbncn¡p¶p.

a\pjysâ \nJne {]iv\§fpw I¿mfp¶ _rl¯mb CkvemanI IÀa imkv{Xs¯ X§fpsS \nc´c ]T\ KthjW§Ä aptJ\, kw]pjvSam¡n sImImWv NxpÀ aZvl_nsâ CamapIÄ Cu temIt¯mSp bm{X ]dªn«pÅXv. AhÀ¡p tijw h¶ ]WvVnX·mÀ AhcpsS aZvl_pIÄ AwKoIcn¨\pkcn¨p t]m¶p. CPvXnlmZp apXzveJnsâ AS¡s¸« IhmSw Iůmt¡men«p Xpd¡mt\m Ip¯ns¸mfn¡mt\m AhÀ {ian¨nÃ.

IhmSw AS¨Xmcv?
 aZvl_nsâ CamapIfmcpw Xs¶, X§fpsS ]n³KmanIÄ¡v ap¼nÂ, KthjW¯nsâ IhmSw AS¨p ]q«nbn«nÃ. "\n§fmcpw KthjWw \S¯cpXv. R§sf XJveoZv sN¿Ww' F¶v Ahcmcpw ]dªn«nÃ. {]XypX, CPvXnlmZp {]m]vXcmb aX]WvVnX·mtcmSv "\n§Ä R§sf XJveoZv sN¿cpXv' F¶mbncp¶p AhcpsS imk\. (Cu {]kvXmhw, hy]vIambn sXän²cn¸n¨v km[mcW¡mÀ¡nSbn Bib¡pg¸apIm¡m³, DÂ]XnjvWphn`mKw {ian¨p hcp¶p. im^nCubpsS hkzn¿¯v F¶ ioÀjIw IqSn hmbn¡pI). aZvl_v kzoIcn¡p¶tXmsSm¸w Xs¶ sXfnhpIÄ Nn´n¡m³ Ignbp¶ tkm]m[nI apPvXlnZpItfmSv sXfnhp Nn´n¨p ]Tn¡m\pw AhÀ BÚm]n¨ncp¶p.
A\´cKmanIfmb ]WvVnX·mcpw AÀlcmbhcpsS KthjWw apS¡nbn«nÃ. F¶m ]ns¶, CPvXnlmZnsâ IhmSw sIm«nbS¨Xmcv? Bcpw AS¨XÃ; AXp kzbw ASªp t]mbXmWv. AYhm IcpWm\n[nbmb AÃmlp Ahsâ IcpWmXntcI¯m AS¨p IfªXmWv. IÀa imkv{X¯n Hscmä aZvl_v am{Xta  DImbncp¶pÅpsh¦n ]e {]XnkÔn L«§fnepw kapZmbw hnjan¨p t]mIpambncp¶p. aZvl_pIÄ \mepÅXp sImIv Cu hnjaw ]cnlrXambncn¡bmWv.
apgptemIhpw AwKoIcn¨ alm]WvVnXcmb Cu \mept]À¡p tijw \nkvImcw, kImXv, t\m¼v, CS]mSpIÄ, sshhmlnI Imcy§Ä, in£m \nba§Ä XpS§nb ^nJvlv \nba§fn C\n Hcp KthjW¯nsâ BhiyanÃ. hà B\pImenI {]iv\§fpw h¶m  AXp ]cnlcn¡Wsat¶bpÅq. AXn\p aäp amÀK§fpapIv. (_lvXv F¶ ioÀjIw t\m¡pI). At¸mÄ Hcp kzX{´ apPvXlnZnsâ Bhiyw C\nbnÃ. F¶ncns¡ hgn]ng¡m\pw \men\p ]Icw \membncw aZvl_pIfmbn `n¶n¨p t]mIm\pw CShcpw. AXp sImIpXs¶ ]caImcpWnI\mb AÃmlp, Ahsâ Zm£nWyw sImIv, CPvXnlmZnsâ IhmSw AS¨p]q«n. AÃmlphn\p kvXpXn.
AhÀ ]dbmXncp¶mÂ
Hcp akvAebn Camw \hhn (d), Camw dm^nCu (d) bpw H¶pw ]dbp¶næn F´v sN¿Ww?. ChÀ cIp t]À¡pw ap¼v cNn¡s¸« {KÙ§Ä Ahew_n¡mtam?
D¯cw:""kp£vaamb At\zjW¯neqsS aZvl_n {]_eamb A`n{]mbw GXmsW¶v t_m[ys¸« tijaÃmsX Camw \hhn (d), Camw dm^nCu (d) \pw ap¼mbn cNn¡s¸« {KÙ§Ä Ahew_n¡m³ ]mSnÃ.  Htc hnjb¯n IqSpX  {KÙ§Ä tbmPn¨p h¶Xp sImIv {]tbmP\anÃ.Cu  KÙ§f{Xbpw sNs¶¯p¶Xv HcmfpsS am{Xw A`n{]mb¯nte¡mbncn¡mw. Camw J^v ^m (d), A_qlmanZv (d) F¶nhÀ¡v [mcmfw injy·mcpIv. AhÀ DkvXmZpamcpsS hgn A\pkcn¨p am{XamWv ASnØm\ \nba§fpw AX\pkcn¨pÅ akvAeIfpw Øncs¸Sp¯p¶Xv. ChÀ cIp t]cpw Hgn¨pÅhscÃmw Nnet¸mÄ ChÀs¡Xncmbncn¡mw. AXn\m akvAe {]_eam¡p¶Xn\v ap¼v ChcpsSsbÃw {KÙ§Ä ]cntim[n¨ncn¡Ww'' (Xplv^: 1: 39).
ChcpsS {KÙ§fn Xs¶ Htc hnjb¯n hyXyØX ho£W§Ä DÅXn\m {]_eambXp IsIpI Ffp¸aÃ. {]_eambXp IsI¯phm³ ChcpsS apgph³ cN\Ifpw ]cntim[n¡pIbpw akvAeIÄ X½nepÅ _em_e§fnte¡p kqNn¸n¡p¶ ]Z{]tbmK§fpw a\Ên em¡Ww. Cu kmlknI IrXyw sNbvXp XoÀ¯hcmWv C_v\p lPdpw (d) dwen (d bpw. ChÀ¡v tijw Cu IgnhpÅhÀ DImbn«növ FÃmhcpw k½Xn¡p¶p. Camw IpÀZn (d) ]dbp¶p: ''im^nCu aZvl_n Ahew_w C_v\p lPdpw (d) dwen (d) bpw Xplv^, \nlmb F¶o {KÙ§fn GtIm]n¨p ]dªhbmsW¶v aZvl_nse ]nÂIme ]WvVnXÀ GI kzc¯n ]dªncn¡p¶p. ChÀ hyXyØ A`n{]mbw tcJs¸Sp¯nbm AÀlXbpÅ ap^vXn¡v GXpw Ahew_n¡mw. ChÀ cIp t]À¡pw FXncmb A`n{]mbw Ahew_n¡mhXÃ'' (^hmCZp aZ\n¿: 44). 

A D½v, CavemAv XpS§nb Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS {KÙ§tfm, \hho (d) dm^nCu (d) bpsS {KÙ§tfm \ap¡n¶v Ahew_n¡mhXÃ. CXv {]KÂ`cpsS InXm_pIÄ¡pÅ t]mcmbvabÃ. adn¨v AXpÄs¡Åm³ Ignbm¯ \½psS t]mcmbvabmWv. Xplv^bpw \nlmbbpamWv C¶s¯ {][m\ Ahew_w. tIcf¯n ]n¡me¯v ^nJvlv, aJvZqw (d) bpsS hgnbmbXn\m ChcpsS DkvXmZmb C_v\p Lpà (d) bpsS Xplv^: \mw IqSpXembn Ahew_n¡p¶p.

Camw \hhn (d), Camw dm^nCu (d) F¶nhÀs¡Xncmbn `qcn]£¯n\`n{]mbapImhptam?.
D¯cw: {]Xy£¯n `qcn]£¯nsâ A`n{]mbw cIp t]À¡psaXncmW¶v tXm¶msa¦nepw bYmÀY¯n AXv `qcn]£ambncn¡nÃ. HcpZmlcW¯neqsS CXv hyàam¡mw. Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS injycn s]« A_qlmanZv (d) `qcn]£¯ns\Xnsc Hc`n{]mbw tcJ¸Sp¯p¶p. AhcpsS injy ]c¼c Imem´c¯n hÀ[n¡pIbpw Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS injycn s]« aäpÅhcpsS injy ]c¼c  Ipdªv hcnIbpw sNbvXm A_qlmanZv (d) bpsS A`n{]mb§Ä Gäp ]dbm³ Hcp alm`qcn]£apI­mIpw. AXn\p ap¼n Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS injycn s]«hcpsS A`n{]mbw \njv{]`amIpw. Cu kmlNcy¯n ]nÂIme¯pÅhÀ A_qlmanZv (d) sâ A`n{]mbw `qcn]£¯nsâXmW¶v sXämbn [cn¡pw. ]t£, {]Xy£¯nepÅ Cu `qcn]£w \nan ¯ambn A_qlmanZv (d) bpsS A`n{]mbw {]`eamInÃ. {]kvXpX akvAebn A_q lmanZv (d) bpsS A`n{]mbw Gäp]dbpI am{XamWv Cu `pcn]£w sNbvXn«pÅXv. Cu akvAebnÂ, Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS Xs¶  injycnÂs]« `pcn]£w Xt¶mSv hntbm Pn¡p¶hcmWv. Bt]£nIambn ChÀ¡p  injy ]c¼c Ipdªp t]mbXn\m AhcpsS i_vZw ]nÂImet¯¡v F¯nbnöp am{Xw. Cu hkvXpXIsfÃmw hnebncp ¯nb tijw, Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS  injycn s]« `pcn]£s¯bmWv Camw \hhn (d), Camw dm^nCu (d) bpw {]`eam¡pI. AXn\m A_qlmanZv (d) sâ A`n{]mbw Häs¸«Xp am{XamIpw.

Camw C_v\p lPÀ (d) C§s\ XpScp¶p."" AXp sImIv ChÀ cIpt]cpw {]_eam¡nbXv kyoIcn¡pItb \nÀhmlapÅq. kq£vaX, a\:]mTw, akvAeIÄ Dd¸n¨v a\Ênem¡Â, B[nImcnIX, ]qÀ® Úm\w, kaÀY\w XpS§nbhbn ]nÂIme¯pÅhÀ F¯m¯ Øm\w ChÀ ssIhcn¨ncn¡p¶p. AXn\m Gähpw  kq£vaapw AÀlhpambXv AhÀ cIv t]cptSbpw hm¡pIÄ Ahew_n¡emhp¶p. AXns\ FXnÀ¡p ¶hsc AhKWn¡Â CPvXnlmZnsâ Hcp ]Zhnbnepw F¯nbn«nÃm¯ FÃm im^nCIfpsSbpw [À½amWv'' (^Xmh Ip_vd: 4:324,325).
C_v\p lPÀ (d) bpsS idlp D_m_n \n¶v Camw IpÀZn (d) D²cn¡p¶p. ""^Xvh \ÂtIIXv Camw \hhn (d), Camw dm^nCu (d) bpw GtIm]n¨ A`n{]mbw sImIpw AXnsæn Camw \hhn (d) bpsS A`n{]mbw sImIpamsW¶pw `qcn]£¯nsâ A`n{]mbtam AÂD½nsâ \Êzv sImtIm AhÀ cIpt]cptSbpw ta Bt£]ap¶bn¨v ^Xvh \ÂIm³ ]mSnsöpw ]cnWX {]IvÚcmb ]WvVnX·mÀ GtIm]n¨v ]dªn«pIv. Camw im^nCu (d) bpsSbpw A\pbmbnIfpsSbpw FÃm InXm_pIfpw ]cntim[n¨v hnebncp¯p¶hÀ¡v Hcp Imcyw hyàamIpw.  Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS GsX¦nepw \Êzn\v FXncmbn GsX¦nepw akvAe ChÀ {]_eam¡nbn«pI¦n B \Êzns\¡mÄ {]_eamb asämcp \Êzv IIXp sImIv am{Xambncn¡pw AXp sNbvXncn¡pI'' (A ^hmCZp aZ\n¿: t]Pv 19,20).
]pXnb {]iv\§Ä¡v ]cnlmcw

temIw A\pZn\w ]ptcmKan¨p sImIncn¡pIbmWv. \qX\§fmb ]eXpw kw`hn¡p¶p. ]pXpXmbn ]eXpw IIp ]nSn¡s¸«p sImIncn¡p¶p. A§s\ {]iv\§Ä \mÄ¡p\mÄ DZn¨p sImIncn¡p¶p. AXns\ms¡ CkvemanI ZrjvSym ]cnlmcw ImtWIXpIv. CPvXnlmZnsâ IhmSw AS¡s¸«p F¶v ]dbp¶psh¦n ]pXnb ]pXnb {]iv\§Ä F´p sN¿pw? temImhkm\w hsc kw`hn¡m\ncn¡p¶ Imcy§Ä CamapIÄ FgpXn h¨n«ptIm? 

CPvXnlmZv cIp hn[apIv. H¶v \ncp]m[nIamb KthjWw AYhm CPvXnlmZv apXzveJv. cIv tkm]m[nIamb KthjWw AYhm CPvXnlmZv apJ¿Zv. kIe CkvemanI {]iv\§fnepw kzX{´ambn CPvXnlmZv  sN¿p¶Xn\mWv CPvXnlmZv apXzveJv F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. \mep aZvl_nsâ DSaIÄ¡v tijw \ncp]m[nI apPvXlnZpIÄ DImbn«nÃ. Hcp aZvl_n Du¶n \n¶p, `mKnIambn Nne Imcy§fn KthjWw \S¯p¶XmWv CPvXnlmZv apJ¿Zv. hn{ipX ]WvVnXcmb C_v\p lPÀ (d), dwen (d) F¶nhÀ AhcpsS ^XvhIfn ]dbp¶Xv ImWpI : ""aZvl_n {]mhoWyw t\Snbh\p tkm]m[nIamb KthjW¯nsâ Øm\apIv'' (^hmCZp aZ\n¿, t]Pv 19).
C¯cw tkm]m[nI apPvXlnZpIÄ X§fpsS KthjW§Ä sImIv ^nJvlnsâ imtJm]imJIfn hn[nIÄ hniZambn tcJs¸Sp¯n aZvl_pIsf ka{K k¼qÀWam¡nbncn¡p¶p aZvl_nsâ ASnØm\ XXz§sf B[mcam¡n hn[nIÄ BhnjvIcn¡p¶Xp sImIv AhÀ ]cnlmcw ImWp¶p.

ssiJv J^v^mensâ hm¡pIÄ ChnsS Ipdn¡p¶p : ""^Xvhm cIp hn`mKamWv. KthjW¯nsâ FÃm D]m[nIfpw kt½fn¨ hyànbpsS ^XvhbmWv H¶mat¯Xv. CXv C¶p e`yaÃ. im^nsbt]msebpÅ GsX¦nepw Hcp Camansâ aZvl_v kzmb¯am¡pIbpw AXpth hn[w {Kln¡pIbpw At±l¯nsâ ASnØm\ XXz§sfm¶pw Hgnªv t]mIm¯hn[w AXn sshZKv[yw t\SpIbpw sNbvXn«pÅ ]WvVnXsâ ^XvhbmWv cImat¯Xv. AbmÄ hà kw`hs¯ Ipdn¨pw XZSnØm\¯n adp]Sn \ÂIp¶p. Csæn Camansâ aZvl_nt·Â KthjWw \S¯pIbpw Camansâ ASnØm\ XXz§fnt·Â AXn\p ]cnlmcapIm¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p (ihmlnZp lJv t].5).
 tkm]m[nI KthjW¯n\p IgnhnÃm¯hÀ¡pw B\pImenI {]iv\§Ä aZvl_nsâ ASnØm\¯n ]cnlcn¡mhp¶XmWv. BZyambn aZvl_n JWvVnXambn ]dªn«ptIm F¶p t\m¡Ww. Csæn hyàamb {]kvXmh\bpsS Bib¯nepÄs¸Sptam F¶p ]cntim[n¡pI. AXpasæn s]mXphmb Hcp \nba¯nepÄs¸Sp¶ptIm F¶p {i²n¡pI. CÆn[w ]cnlrXamIm¯ Hcp {]iv\hpanÃ. Camap ldssa\n (d) ]dªXpt]mse, aZvl_n hyàambn {]kvXmhn¡s¸SpItbm, hyà{]kvXmh¯nsâ Bib¯nepÄs¸SpItbm, Hcp s]mXp \nba¯n³ Iogn {]thin¡pItbm sN¿m¯ Hcp {]iv\apImhpIsb¶Xp hfsc hnZqcamWv (_¶m\n þ Aem PwD PhmanAv 2þ386).

apPvXlnZnsâ A©v hn`mK§fn H¶p t]mepw \nehnenÃm¯ Cu ImeL«¯nep­mIp¶ ]pXnb {]iv\§Ä¡v ]cnlmcw IsI¯m³ _lvkv apJ\ ]WvVn ·mÀ¡v km[n¡p¶p.
IÀ½ imkv{X]WvVn·mcpsS kmt¦XnI {]tbmKamWv _lvkv. `mjmÀY¯n  NÀ¨. C_v\p lPÀ (d) bpsS \nÀhN\w C{]ImcamWv. ""aZvl_nsâ CamapIfn \n¶v D²cn¡s¸«Xpw Akzvlm_nsâ hym]ImÀYapÅ hm¡pIfn \n¶v hyàambXpamb Hcp hn[n a\Ênem¡p¶Xns\¡pdn¨mWv kmt¦XnIambn _lvkv F¶v {]tbmKn¡p¶Xv.''
""Camansâ ASnØm\ {]amW§fpsSsbm,\ÊzpIfpsSsbm hym]vXnbn DÄs¸Sp¶ Hcp akvAe a\Ênem¡nsbSp¡pI'' sb¶mWv k¿nZv Dadp _kzcnbpsS \nÀhN\w. (Camansâ \ÊzpIfpsSbpw Akzvlm_nsâ hPvlpIfpsSbpw hym]vXnbn s]«Xv Is­¯pI) cIv \nÀhN\ {]Imchpw CXv aZvl_nsâ hym]vXnbn s]Sp¶ XmWv. _lvkv aptJ\ Øncs¸Sp¶ akvAeIÄ¡v ap³Ime ^pJlmC \n¶pÅ hyàamb tcJIÄ IsI¯Wsa¶nÃ. tcJIÄ DsI¦n _lvknsâ {]iv\w DZn¡p¶nÃ. hym]ImÀYapÅ tcJIfn CXv IqSn DÄs¸Spt¼mÄ {]kvXpX tcJIÄ _lvknsâ IqSn tcJIfmWv. _lvkv sImIv Øncs¸« akvAeIÄ aZvl_n DÄs¸«XmsW¶pw Ah ]qÀ®ambpw aZvl_n \n¶v ]pd¯söpw hyàam¡s¸«n«pIv (XZvInd¯p CJvhm³ 31). At¸mÄ Camapw Akzvlm_pw sNs¶¯nb A`n{]mbsa¶v _lvkns\ Ipdn¨pw ]dbmhp¶XmWv. Camw IpÀZn (d) ]dbp¶p:""Hcp akvAe ap³Ime CamapIfpsS hm¡pIÄ¡pÅ hym]vXnbn DÄs¸Sp¶p sh¦n AXv Ahcn \n¶v D²cn¡s¸«XmsW¶v ]dbmw'' (^Xmh IpÀZn 1:106). Camw C_v\p lPÀ (d) ]dbp¶p. ""Akzvlm_nsâ hm¡pIfpsS  hym]vXnbn s]«Xv AhÀ hyàambn ]dªXnsâ Øm\¯mWv'' (Xplv^ 1:40). _lvkv \S¯p¶hÀ Nne \n_Ô\IÄ DÅhcmbncn¡Ww. Camw \hhn (d) ]dbp¶p: ""aZvl_v lrZnØam¡pI, Ah D²cn¡pI, k¦oÀ®hpw AÃm¯Xpamb hnj§Ä {Kln¡pI XpS§nbh DÅhcmIWw.'' 
apJÃnZpIÄ JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw ]Tn¡p¶sX´n\v?

hnip² JpÀB\n \n¶pw Xncpkp¶¯n \n¶pw kzX{´ambn aXhn[nIÄ KthjWw sN¿m\pÅ AhImiw CamapIÄ¡p tijw aämÀ¡pansænÂ, \n§Ä JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw ]Tn¡p¶sX´n\v? Ah cIpw apPvXlnZpIÄ¡pÅXtÃ? \n§sf´n\p Ah sXm«p Ifn¡Ww? aZvl_p hntcm[nIÄ apkvenw ktlmZc·mtc hgnsXän¡phm³ thIn FbvXp hnSmdpÅ Hcp icamWnXv.
 aZvl_nsâ CamapIÄ¡p tijw kzX{´ apPvXlnZv DImbn«nÃ; Hcp aZvl_n Du¶n \n¶p sImIv, `mKnIambn KthjWw \S¯p¶ tkm]m[nI apPvXlnZpIÄ DImbn«pIv. ChÀ¡p sXfnhp ]Tn¡Â \nÀ_ÔamWv. sXfnhpIÄ hnNn´\w \S¯n, aZvl_n hn[n ]dbp¶Xv sImIv AhÀ aZvl_n \n¶p ]pd¯p t]mhpIbnÃ. AÃam C_v\p lPÀ (d) ]dbp¶Xp ImWpI: AXp aqew AhÀ Camw im^nsb A\pkcn¡p¶Xn \n¶p ]pd¯p t]mhpIbnÃ. am{XaÃ. AhÀ At±lt¯mSpÅ A\pKa\¯n Xs¶bmWv. ImcWw sXfnhp {Kln¡m³ IgnhpÅ Xsâ apJÃnZpIsf sXfnhp Nn´n¡msX Xs¶ A\pKan¡p¶Xn \n¶p Camw AhÀIÄ hne¡nbn«pIv (^hmCZp aZ\n¿ IpÀZn, t].19).

km[mcW¡mc\p sXfnhp ]Tn¡Â \nÀ_ÔanÃ. \nÀ_Ôansöp ]dªXp sImIv sXfnhp ImWmt\m tIÄ¡mt\m ]mSnsöÀYanÃ. ^nJvlnsâ ImcyamWv C{Xbpw {]Xn]mZn¸n¨Xv. ^nJvln am{XamWv aZvl_v XJveoZv sN¿p¶Xv. F¶m JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepw ^nJvlv \nba§Ä am{Xaà DÅXv. IÀa imkv{X hi§Ä hyàambn kv]Àin¨n«pÅ Bb¯pIÄ JpÀB\n Aªqsd®w am{XamWv'' (apkvXkzv^m 2þ101).
JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepw ^nJvln\p ]pdta aäp \nch[n Imcy§Ä {]Xn]mZn¨n«pIv. hnizmk Imcy§Ä, a\x kwkvIctWm]tZi§Ä, KpW]mTw \ÂIp¶ IYIÄ, ]pÀÆ kapZmb§fpsS Ncn{X§Ä, {]]t©mÂ]¯n, temImhkm\w, AXnsâ e£W§Ä, kzÀK þ \cI   hnhcW§Ä, {]Xn^e hmKvZm\§Ä, in£m Xm¡oXpIÄ, aeIv, Pn¶v F¶o AZriy {]]©w, {]IrXnbnse AÛpX {]Xn`mk§Ä, D]aIÄ, DZmlcW§Ä, D]tZi§Ä, {]hmNI·mcpsS {]t_m[\ Ncn{X§Ä. C§s\ sFlnIhpw ]mc{XnIhpamb F{Xsb{X Imcy§fmWv AhbnepÅXv. ChsbÃmw a\Ênem¡p¶Xn\p IqSn thInbmWv JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw ]Tn¡p¶Xv.

imJm]cambn A`n{]mb hyXymkapImImw
J´Jv bp²w hnPbIcambn ]cyhkm\n¨p. apkvenwIÄ kz`h\§fnte¡p Xncn¨p. fplvdv \nkvImc¯n\p kabambn. \_n (kz) \nkvImcw \nÀhln¨p. ]n¶oSv AhnSp¶v, Ipfn¨p sImIncns¡ Pn{_o (A) BKX\mhp¶p. i{Xp k©b§Ä H¶p tNÀ¶p, apkvenwIsf B{Ian¡m³ h¶p, aZo\sb D]tcm[n¨t¸mÄ, Icmdp ewLn¨p i{Xp ]£¯p tNÀ¶ _\q Jpssdfm PqXtKm{Xt¯mSp bp²w sN¿phm³ Cd§n¯ncn¡Wsa¶ IÂ]\bpambmWv  Pn{_o (A) h¶Xv.
_\pJpssdfbnte¡p DSs\ ]pds¸Sm³ \_n (kz) Blzm\w sNbvXp. Ahnsb¯p¶Xphsc Bcpw Akvdv \nkvIcn¡cpsX¶p AhnSp¶v BÚm]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. kzlm_¯v XZ\pkmcw ]pds¸«p. Hcp kwLw Nne AXymhiy Imcy§fnteÀs¸«p. AhÀ¡v  IrXy kab¯p bm{X sN¿m³ km[n¨nÃ. A§s\ sNbvXncp¶psh¦n Akzvdn\p Xs¶ _\pJpssdfbn F¯mambncp¶p. hgnat[y \nkvImc kabambt¸mÄ _\qJpssdfbn ht¨ Akzvdv \nkvIcn¡mhq F¶ BÚbpsS _mlyhiw ]nSn¨p Hcp hn`mKw Akzvdv ]n´n¨p bm{X XpSÀ¶p. asämcp hn`mKw ]dªp; thK¯n bm{XsN¿Wsa¶ÃmsX \nkvImcw ]n´n¡Wsa¶p \_n (kz) Dt±in¨n«nÃ. AXp sImIv R§Ä \nkvIcn¡pIbmWv.'' AhÀ AhnsS sh¨p \nkvIcn¨p. A\´cw bm{X XpSÀ¶p. AÃmlpthm dkqtem CXnsâ t]cn Ahsc Ipäs¸Sp¯nbnÃ. ImcWw Ccp hn`mKhpw  km[yamb hymJym\w \ÂIpIbmWv sNbvXXv (le_n 2 þ660 t\m¡pI). Camw _pJmcn {]kvXpX kw`hw C{]Imcw D²cn¡p¶p.

""\_n (kz) Alvkm_p bp² Znhkw Hcmfpw _\qJpssdfbn h¨ÃmsX Akzvdv \nkvIcn¡cpsX¶p ]dªp. NneÀ¡p hgnat²y Akzvdn\p kabambn. At¸mÄ Ahcn NneÀ ]dªp ; R§Ä AhnsS F¯p¶Xphsc \nkvIcn¡nÃ. aäp NneÀ ]dªp; R§Ä \nkvIcn¡p¶p. Xncpta\n \½n \n¶pw AXp Dt±in¨n«nÃ. Cu kw`hw \_n  (kz) bpsS ap¶nse¯n. XZhkcw  Ahcnsemcmsfbpw AhnSp¶v Bt£]n¨nÃ'' (_pJmcn 2þ591).

CPvXnlmZn¶ÀlXbpÅh³ AXp \S¯p¶Xn\pw XZv^eambn A`n{]mb hyXymk§Ä DImIp¶Xn\pw hntcm[ansöp Cu kw`hw hyàam¡p¶p. CXp t]mepÅ ]e kw`h§fpw kzlm_namÀ¡nSbn \_n (kz) bpsS Imetijhpw DImbn«pIv. At¸mÄ \mep aZvl_n Hcp Imcyw \mephn[w h¶mÂ, \mepw icnbmhp¶sX§s\? F¶ tNmZyw A{]kàamWv. AXp imJm]camb Imcy§fn AÃmlp A\phZn¨n«pÅ sshhn[yamWv. Ckvemansâ auenI kn²m´§fntem ^nJvlnsâ ASnØm\ {]iv\§fntem aZvl_pIÄ X½n bmsXmcp A´chpanÃ.
]ng¨mepw {]Xn^eapIv
ikv{X{Inbm hnZKv[\mb Hcp tUmIvSÀ kÀPn¡Â Hm¸tdj³ \S¯n. AhnNmcnXambn Hc_²w ]nWªp. tcmKn acn¡m\nSh¶p. tUmIvSÀ Ipä¡mc\msW¶p Bcpw hn[n¡pIbnÃ. Cu ssI¸ng¡v At±lw in£n¡s¸SpIbpanÃ. tUmIvSÀ XZznjbIambn _ncpZw t\Snbn«nsæntem? A\[nIrXambn \S¯nb ikv{X{Inb, `mKy¯n\v hnPb¯n Iemin¨mepw AbmÄ in£n¡s¸Spw. CXp Xs¶bmWv CPvXnlmZnsâ \ne. \_n (kz) ]dbp¶p : ""Hcp hn[nIÀ¯mhv hn[n ]dbm\pt±in¡pIbpw A§s\ CPvXnlmZp sNbvXp, kXy¯nse¯nt¨cpIbpw sNbvXm Ah\p cIp IqenbpIv.Ah³ hn[n¡m\pZyan¡pIbpw A§s\ CPvXnlmZp sNbvXv A_²w ]nWbpIbpw sNbvXm Ah\p IqenbpIv'' (_pJmcn, apkvenw).
Cu lZoknsâ hymJym\¯n Camw \hhn (d) tcJs¸Sp¯nbXp ImWpI: ""]WvVnX·mÀ ]dªp : Cu lZokv hn[n IsI¯p¶Xn\Àl\pw ]WvVnX\pamb hn[nIÀ¯mhns\ Ipdn¨msW¶Xn apkvenwIÄ GtIm]n¨ncn¡p¶p. Ah\p kXyw Is­¯nbm cIp {]Xn^eapIv; H¶v Ahsâ CPvXnlmZn\v; asäm¶v kXyw IsI¯nbXn\pw. F¶m hn[n¡Àl\Ãm¯h\msW¦ntem? Ah³ CPvXnlmZp sNbvXp hn[n ]dbm³ ]mSnÃ. C\n, Ah³ hn[n¨mtem? {]Xn^eansöp am{XaÃ, Ah³ Ipä¡mc³ IqSnbmIp¶p. kXyhpambn H¯ph¶mepw Csænepw Ahsâ hn[n {]mtbmKnIaÃ. ImcWw Ahsâ kXyw IsI¯Â bmZrÝnIw am{XamWv. AXp aX]camb HcSnØm\¯n \n¶p  BhnÀ`hn¡p¶XÃ. BIbmÂ, hmkvXht¯mSp H¯mepw Csænepw, FÃm hn[nIfnepw Ah³ Ipä¡mc\mWv. B hn[nIfJnew XÅs¸tSIXmWv. Ahsbm¶nepw Ah\p am¸p \ÂImhXÃ' (iÀlp apkvenw 2þ76).
CXp sImImWv hnizhn{ipXcmb alm ]WvVnX·mÀ t]mepw CPvXnlmZv F¶ kml¯ns\mcp§msX AÀlsc¶p temIw AwKoIcn¨ \mep CamapIfpsS aZvl_pIfn H¶ns\ A\p[mh\w sNbvXn«pÅXv. CamapIÄ¡v X§fpsS KthjW§fn sXäv ]nWªp IqsS? ]nWbmw. kw`hyamWv. ]t£, AhÀt¡m Ahsc XJveoZp sN¿p¶hÀt¡m Cu kw`hyX sImI bmsXmcp tZmjhpanÃ. tbmKy·mcpsS KthjW ^ew sXämbncp¶m t]mepw AwKoIrXhpw A\pIcWobhpamsW¶v apIfnep²cn¨ lZokv hyàamIp¶pIv. 
aZvl_v hntcm[nIfpsS ]pXnb IpX{´w
 "CPvXnlmZn\p IgnhpÅhÀ CPvXnlmZp sN¿Ww. IgnhnÃm¯hÀ' CkvXn^vXmAv' sN¿Ww. sXfnhp klnXw ^Xvhm tXSp¶Xn\mWv CkvXn^vXmAv F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. ^Xvhm kzoIcn¡p¶Xv XJveoZÃ. At¸mÄ apPvXlnZmsW¦nÂ, apJÃnZv BIWsa¶nÃ. AXp ]mSnà Xm\pw.CkvXn^vXm sN¿pI AYhm sXfnhp klnXw ^Xvhm tXSpI am{XamWv sNt¿IXv.''
cIp DÂ]XnjvWp ]WvVnX·mÀ H¶ns¨gpXnb 'XJveoZv Hcp ]T\w' F¶ ]pkvXI¯n CÆnjbIambn \S¯nb kpZoÀLamb NÀ¨bpsS cXv\¨pcp¡amWv apIfn sImSp¯Xv.

CPvXnlmZn\p IgnhnÃm¯hÀ Hcp apPvXlnZns\ A\pKan¡Â \nÀ_ÔamsW¶Xp CPvamAv sImIp Øm]nXamb ImcyamWv. CXn\p C¯n_mAv (]n³]äÂ) CkvXn^vXmAv (^Xvhm tXSÂ) XJveoZv (A\pIcn¡Â) F¶o aq¶v ]Z§fpw D]tbmKn¡mdpIv. \nZm\ imkv{X¯n B[nImcnI ]WvVnX\mb Camw KÊmen (450þ505) bpsS hmIy§Ä sXfnhmbn D²cn¡mw. "km[mcW¡mc\p ^Xvhm tNmZn¡epw ]WvVnX·msc ]n³]äepw \nÀ_ÔamIpw' (apkvXkzv^m 2þ124). km[mcW¡mc³, Adnhpw kzoImcyXbpapsI¶v t_m[ys¸«htcmSÃmsX ^Xvhm tXScpXv'' (apkvXkzv^m 2þ125).
 ""km[mcW¡mc\p ap^vXnsb ]n³]ä \nÀ_ÔamWv. ImcWw km[mcW¡mÀ¡p Abmsf ]n³]ä \nÀ_ÔamsW¶v ]WvVnX·mcpsS GIIWvTamb A`n{]mbw (CPvamAv) hyàam¡p¶p'' (apkvXkzv^m 2þ123).
 F¶m km[mcW¡mc\p CPvXnlmZn¶mkv]Zamb Adnhp t\Sphm\pw aXhn[nsb¡pdn¨p kzbw Hcp [mcWbnse¯nt¨cphm\pw km[n¡m¯Xv sImIv, aäpÅhsc XJveoZv sN¿Â A\phZn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. (akvXkzv^m 2þ122).
CPvXnlmZn\p IgnhpÅ ]WvVnX\pw asämcmsf XJveoZv sN¿Â A\phZ\obamsW¶p ]dªn«pÅhcpsS Iq«¯nÂ, AlvaZp _n³ l¼Â, CkvlmJp _n³ dmlsshln, kp^vbm\pÊucn F¶nhcpw s]Sp¶p' (apkvXkzv^m 2þ121).
 ]WvVnX·msc A\pKan¡p¶Xn\p C¯n_mAv,CkvXn^vXmAv ^Xvhm tXS F¶o ]Z§Ä D]tbmKn¡p¶Xp t]mse Xs¶  XJveoZv A\pIcWw F¶pw D]tbmKn¡msa¶v Camw KÊmenbpsS D²rX hcnIÄ Xs¶ kv]jvSam¡p¶p. F¶ncns¡, km[mcW¡mc³ ^Xvhm kzoIcn¡Â XJveoZv Asöp, F§s\ At±lw tcJs¸Sp¯n? CXmWv ASp¯mbn Nn´n¡m\pÅXv.
 XJveoZn\p cIp {]tbmKapIv
sXfnhnÃmsX A`n{]mbw kzoIcn¡pI þ CXmWtÃm XJveoZv. F¶m C\nXp cIp hymJym\apIv. H¶v, kzoImcy\mb Hcp ]WvVnX³ ]dª hn[n, B hn[nbpsS sXfnshs´¶p a\Ênem¡msX, kzoIcn¡pI. Cu XJveoZmWv A\phZ\obsa¶v Camw KÊmenbpw aäp ]WvVnX·mcpw  ]dªn«pÅXv. km[mcW¡mcsâ "CkvXn^vXmAv' Cu AÀY¯nepÅ XJveoZmWv; sXfnthmSp IqSn ^Xvhm kzoIcn¡eÃ. CXnsâ hniZmwiw A\yXhcp¶pIv .
Hcmsf AwKoIcn¡Wsa¶Xn\p bmsXmcp sXfnhpanÃmsX AbmfpsS A`n{]mbw kzoIcn¡pI, CXmWv cImas¯ hymJym\w. Cu XJveoZv AÔamb A\pIcWamWv. AXp sImIp Xs¶ AXp IpäIchpw A[nt£]mÀlhpamWv. ]WvVnX·msc A\pIcn¡Â Cu AÀY¯nepÅ XJveoZÃ. ImcWw Ahsc A\pIcn¡Wsa¶Xn\p aXnbmb sXfnhpIv. Camw KÊmen (d) Xs¶ ]dbs« :
""km[mcW¡mc\p ap^vXnsb A\pKan¡Â \nÀ_ÔamWv. ImcWw AXn\v 'CPvamAv' sXfnhmWv; ap^vXn ]dªXp hymPamIs«, kXyamIs«, A_²amIs«, kp_²amIs«. ap^vXnbpsSbpw km£nbpsSbpw hm¡p kzoIcn¡Â, At¸mÄ, CPvamAv F¶ sXfnhp sImIv \nÀ_Ôambn¡gnªp. AXp sImIv AXv sXfnthmSp IqSn Hcp hm¡v kzoIcn¡emWv. BIbm AXv XJveoZÃ. Cu XJveoZp sImIv \mw hnh£n¡p¶Xv Hcmsf AwKoIcn¡Wsa¶Xn\p bmsXmcp sXfnhpanÃmsX AbmfpsS Hc`n{]mbw kzoIcn¡pIsb¶XmWv'' (apkvXkzv^m 2þ123).
   CkvXn^vXmDw XJveoZpw
CPvXnlmZn\p IgnhpÅh\mWv apPvXlnZv. XJveoZv sN¿p¶h³ apJÃnZpw. ^Xvhm tNmZn¡s¸Sp¶h\p ap^vXn F¶pw ]dbp¶p. CkvXn^vXmAv AYhm ^Xvhm tXS cIp t]cn \n¶papImIpw. apPvXlnZn \n¶pImIpt¼mÄ sXfnhp klnXw ^Xvhm tNmZn¡emWv; apJÃnZn  \n¶pImIpt¼mÄ sXfnhpIqSmsXbpw. apPvXlnZn\p sXfnhp a\Ênembnsæn ^Xvhm kzoIcn¡Â ldmapw km[mcW¡mc\p sXfnhp a\Ênembnsænepw AXp kzoIcn¡Â \nÀ_ÔhpamWv.
apJÃnZv sXfnhp tNmZn¡m³ ]mSnsÃt¶m apPvXlnZv Aht\mSp sXfnhp ]dbm³ ]mSnsÃt¶m CXn\ÀYanÃ. sXfnhp ]dªmepw ]dªnsænepw sXfnhp thI hn[w {Kln¡msX, hn[n kzoIcn¨m AXp XJveoZp Xs¶.  \nZm\ imkv{X ]WvVnX\mb kp_v InbpsS \nÀÆN\w ImWpI: ""aX ]WvVnXsâ hm¡v AXnsâ sXfnhp a\ÊnemhmsX kzoIcn¡p¶XmWv XJveoZ'' (PwDÂPhmanAv 2þ253).
sXfnhp a\Ênem¡p¶psh¦ntem? AXp XJveoZÃ; CPvXnlmZp Xs¶bmWv. Camw alÃn ]dbp¶p :""asämcp ]WvVnXsâ hm¡v,AXnsâ sXfnhp thIhn[w a\Ênem¡n kzoIcn¡Â AbmfpsS CPvXnlmtZmsSm¯ph¶ asämcp CPvXnlmZmIp¶p (iÀlp PwDÂPhmanAv 2þ 251). Npcp¡¯n ^Xvhm kzoIcn¡pt¼mÄ sXfnhp th hn[w {Kln¨m CPvXnlmZpw Csæn XJveoZpamWv. apPvXlnZpw apJÃnZpaÃm¯ Hcp ap^vXn CÃXs¶. DsI¶v XJveoZp hntcm[nIÄ FgpXnhn«Xp anXambn ]dªm hymPamWv.

 apPvXlnZnt\ sXfnhp {Kln¡m³ Ignbq
Hcp sshZyimkv{X ]WvVnX³ tcmKnIsf ]cntim[n¨p tcmK \nÀ®bw \S¯n, Huj[§Ä \nÀt±in¡p¶p. CXp IIp Hcp km[mcW¡mc³ Asæn aäp ]e hnjb§fnepw sshZKv[yapsI¦nepw sshZyimkv{X¯n thI{X hnhcanÃm¯ Hcp hyàn tcmKw \nÀWbn¡m\pw Huj[ \nÀt±iw \ÂIm\pw XpS§nbm ^ew F´mbncn¡pw? adp]Sn Duln¡mhp¶tXbpÅq. CXp Xs¶bmWv CPvXnlmZnsâbpw \ne. KthjW ]Sphmb  Hcp alm]WvVnX³ Ckvemansâ ASnØm\ {]amW§sf B[mcam¡n Xsâ ap¼n hcp¶ {]iv\§Ä¡p kzbw aXhn[nIÄ BhnjvIcn¡p¶p. CXp IIp aäpÅhcpw KthjW¯ns\mcp§nbm  A]IS§Ä kw`hn¡pw.
sshZyimkv{Xadnbm¯³ Adnbp¶hs\ kao]n¡pIbmWv thIXv. _p²nbpÅhÀ C¡mcy¯n {]XnIqeambn {]XnIcn¡m\nSbnÃ. F¶m tUmIvSÀ tcmKw IIp]nSn¨p Huj[w \nÀWbn¨p sImSp¡pt¼mÄ sXfnhp ]dbmdptIm? ]dªm {]tbmP\aptIm? CÃ; AXmWp icn. tcmKw \n§Ä ]dªXp Xs¶bmsW¶Xn\p F´mWv sXfnhv? Cu Huj[w AXnsâ ia\¯n\pXIpsa¶Xns\´p e£yw? CXn Fs´ms¡  tNcphIÄ tNÀ¯n«pIv? AhbpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä Fs´ms¡bmWv? imkv{X hnimcZ·mÀ¡v C¡mcy¯n Fs´ms¡ A`n{]mb§fpIv? F¶n§s\ km[mcW¡mc³ tNmZn¨m _p²nbpÅ hà tUmIvSdpw AXn\p adp]Sn ]dbms\mcp§ptam? Hcp§nbm Xs¶ tcmKn¡Xp a\ÊnemIptam? a\Ênembnsæn NnInÕ \St¯IXnsöp temI¯mÀs¡¦nepw A`n{]mbaptIm? Cà F¶ÃmsX adp]SnbnÃ.
 km[mcW¡mc³ aXhn[n tXSp¶Xnsâ \ne CXn \n¶p `n¶aÃ. apPvXlnZv {]iv\¯n\p ]cnlmcw \nÀt±in¡pt¼mÄ sXfnhp ]dbWsa¶nÃ. ]dªmÂ, ]Tn¡m¯hÀ¡v a\ÊnemhpIbpanÃ. sXfnhp a\Ênembnsæn AXp kzoIcnt¡IXnsöp \qX\ hmZnIÄ¡ÃmsX aämÀ¡pw A`n{]mbanÃ.
Camw alÃn ]dbp¶p; ""sXfnhp {Kln¡m³ apPvXlnZn\p am{Xta Ignbq. ImcWw, AXp e£yw, FXnÀ e£y¯n \n¶p kwc£nXamsW¶dnbp¶Xns\ B{ibn¨ncn¡p¶p. AXmIs« kIe e£y§sfbpw kq£va ]cntim[\ \S¯p¶Xns\ Bkv]Zn¨pancn¡p¶p. AXp apPvXlnZnt\ km[n¡q (iÀlp Pwf PhmanAv 2þ393). 
Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS hkzn¿¯v
 ""lZokv kzlolmbn h¶m AXmsWsâ aZvl_v. Fsâ A`n{]mbw \o Dt]£n¡pI''. Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS i{Xp¡Ä F¡me¯pw ZpÀhymJym\w sNbvXn«pÅ Hcp hmNIamWnXv. {]kàamsbmcp ]cmaÀiw hfsc tamibamb hniZoIcW¯neqsS Xcw Xmgv¯m\mWv hnaÀiIÀ {ian¡p¶Xv. \_nbpsS lZokpIÄ sam¯w ]¯v e£¯n ]camsW¶mWv ]WvVnX aXw. Ch an¡Xpw a\x]mTapÅ temI ]WvVnX\mbncp¶p Camw im^nCu (d). t{ImUoIrXamb cq]¯n C¶v e`yamIp¶ sam¯w lZokpIÄ Hcp e£¯n Xmsg am{XamWv. Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS hkzn¿¯ns\ Ipdn¨v  ]cntim[n¡mw. ]WvVnX temI¯v CXv ka{Kambn NÀ¨ sN¿s¸«n«pIv. {]_eamb sXfnhpIfpsS ]n³_et¯msSbmWv FÃm A`n{]mb§fpsa¶mWv {]apJcmb an¡ ]WvVnXcpw A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶Xv. Camw im^n Cu (d) ]dªXns\Xncn Hcp lZokv Øncs¸Sp¶ {]iv\anöhÀ BWbnSp¶p. GsX¦nepw Hcp lZokv A{]Imcw Ønc¸«Xmbn Bsc¦nepw hmZn¡p¶psh¦n AhÀ D²cn¡p¶ lZokv Camw im^nCu (d) ImWmXncn¡m³ \nÀÆmlanÃ. {]kvXpX lZokv kzoIcn¡p¶Xn\v XSÊamIp¶ aäp hà ImcWhpapImbXn\m emWv Camw im^nCu (d) AXv Dt]£n¡p¶Xv. F¶mepw kq£vaXbmWv {][m\w. Camw \hhn (d) ]dbp¶p. ""lZokv kzoImcyambn h¶m AXv kzoIcn¡pI F¶ hm¡neqsS Xsâ At§bäs¯ kq£vaXbpw hn\bhpamWv Camw im^nCu (d) {]ISn¸n¡p¶Xv'' (idlp apl±_v 1:10). Npcp¡¯nÂ, Camw im^nCu (d) ]dª Xns\Xncn lZokpIÄ IsIpI A{X Ffp¸aÃ. IsI¯nbXmbn ]dbs¸Sp¶ lZokpIÄ im^nCu Caman\p In«nbn«nsöv JWvVnXambn ]dbm³ \nÀhmlhpanÃ. ImcWw Ah Dt]£n¡m³ im^nCu Caman\p hyàamb ImcW§fpImbncn¡mw. D±rX hkzn¿¯v im^nCu Camansâ  kq£vaXbpw hn\bhpw kqNn¸n ¡pI am{XamWv sN¿p¶Xv.

im^nCu Camansâ hkzn¿¯ns\ Ipdn¨v asämcp hniZoIcWhpw NneÀ ]dªn«pIv ""Nne akvAeIfn im^nCu Camansâ hm¡pIÄs¡Xncmbn IqSpX {]`eamb lZokpIÄ dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿s¸«Xv ImcWw XmcXtay\ {]_eamb lZokns\XncnemWv im^nCu Camansâ A`n{]mbsa¶Xn\m {]kvXpX akvAe Hgnhm¡n lZokn\\pkrXambn AhÀ akvAe kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶p'' (idlp apl±_v 1:11).

cImw hn`mK¯nsâ A`n{]mb{]Imcw Xs¶ FÃmhÀ¡pw btYjvSw FSp¯p]tbmKn¡m³ ]äp¶ Hcmbp[aÃ. \niv{]bmkw \S¸m¡mhp¶XpaÃ. ]¯ve£t¯mfw lZokv a\x]mTapÅ Camw im^nCu (d) Hcp lZokv IInsöv ]dbp¶h\v Nne tbmKyXIfpImbncn¡Ww. Camw \hhn (d) ]dbp¶p: ""Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS D]cypà hm¡nsâ XmÂ]cyw, AhnSs¯ aZvl_ns\Xncmbn kzlolmb lZokv IsI¯nb GsXmcmÄ¡pw lZokn ]dªXv Xs¶bmWv im^nCu (d) bpsS aZvls_¶v sh¨v lZoknâ _mlya\pkcn¨v {]hÀ¯n¡msa¶Ã. ImcWw, aZvl_n HXp§n\n¡p¶ CPvXnlmZnsâ ]Zhnsb¦nepw F¯n¨htcmSv am{XamWv B D]tZiw. F¶m Xs¶ B hkzn¿¯\pkcn¨v {]hÀ¯n¡Wsa¦n {]kvXpX lZokv Camw im^nCu (d) ¡v e`n¨n«nÃt¶m AXsæn AXnsâ ]c¼c kzlolmbn In«nbnÃt¶m DÅ anI¨ `mh\ DImbncn¡Wsa¶ \n_Ô\bpIv. Camw im^nCu (d) bpsSbpw Ahcn \n¶v hnÚm\w IcØam¡nb Akzvlm_n sâbpw kÀÆ {KÙ§fpw ]mcmbWw sNbvXXn\v tijaÃmsX AXv km[yhpaÃ. Cu IgnhpÅhÀ hfsc hncfamWv.  Cu \n_Ô\bp­mhWsa¶v AhÀ \njvIÀ in¡m\pÅ ImcWanXmWv. Camw im^nCu (d) AdnbpIbpw IsI¯pIbpw sNbvX F{Xtbm lZokpIfpsS _mlya\pkcn¨pÅ {]hÀ¯\w Camw im^nCu (d) Dt]£n¨n«pIv. {]kvXpX lZokpIÄ tcJbmbn Ahew_n¡p¶Xn¶v sshIeyapIm¡p¶ Imcy§Ä, AhbpsS \nba{]m_eyw CÃmXm¡p¶ \kvJv, Bib hym]vXn Npcp¡p¶ XJvkzokv, aäv \ne¡v hymJym\n¡¸Sp¶ XAvhoev XpS§nb hà Imcy §fpw DÅXmbn Camw im^nCu (d) ¡v tcJ Øncs¸«Xv sIImWnXv" (idlp apl±_v 1:64).

Camw C_v\p kzemlv (d) tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p: ""Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS D]tZiw \S ¸nem¡pI A{X Ffp¸aÃ. hm¡pIfpsS _mlymÀY {]Imcw Cu kmlknI IrXy¯n\v {ian¨ {]apJ ]WvVnX·mÀ t]mepw A_²¯n hoWn«pIv.'' DZmlcWhpw C_v\p kzemlv (d) Xs¶ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. ""t\m¼pImc³ sIm¼v sh¸n¨m sh¨hsâbpw sh¸n¨hsâbpw t\m¼v  apdnbnsöv Camw im^nCu (d) ]dbp¶p. CXns\Xncn Xsâ Akzvlm_n {]apJ\mb A_p heoZv cwK{]thiw sN¿pIbpw, "" sIm¼v sh¨h\pw sh¸n¨h\pw t\m¼v  apdn¨p'' F¶ kzlolmb lZoknâ ASnØm\¯n Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS A`n{]mbsamgnhm¡n lZokn t\mSv tbmPn¨ A`n{]mbamWv im^nCu aZvls_¶v hmZn¨t¸mÄ At±ls¯ JWvVn¨p sImIv A¶pÅ ]WvVnXÀ cwK¯p h¶p. A_p heoZv D±cn¨ lZokv {]_eamWv. ]t£, asämcp kzlolmb lZokv sImIv {]kvXpX lZokv ZpÀ_eambnt¸mbXv sImImWv Camw im^nCu (d) AXns\Xncn A`n{]mbw {]ISn ¸n¡m³ ImcWw''. C_v\p kzemlv (d) C§s\ XpScp¶p: ""im^nCu aZvl_nse Hcp ]WvVnX³ Cu hkzn¿¯v {]Imcw im^n (d) bpsS A`n{]mbw Dt]£n¡Wsa¦n AhÀ Øm]n¨ ASnØm\ \nba§Ä (DkzqÂ) ]qÀ®ambpw Adnbp¶h\pw sXfnhpIÄ Ahew_n¨v KthjWw \S¯m\pÅ tbmKyX ssIhcn¨h\pamIWw''(^Xmhm C_v\p kzemlv).

AÃmam \_vlm\n (d) FgpXp¶p. ""Cu Ime¯pÅhÀ¡v Cu IgnhpImhpIsb¶Xv tIhew k¦Â]w am{XamWv. Cu IgnhpÅhÀ Ime§Ä¡p apt¼ CÃmXmsb¶v C_v\p kzemlv (d) Xs¶ hyàam¡nbn«pIv''. AÃmam \_vlm\n (d) C§s\ XpScp¶p. (GXm\pw lZokpIfpsS IjvW§fpbÀ¯n¸nSn¨v Camw im^n Cu (d) sb JWvVn¨p sImIv) "CPvXnlmZn\v ]pds¸Sp¶hÀ hyàamb ]nghnemWv. AhcpsS AÚX Duln¡mhp¶tXbpÅq. im^nCu (d) bpsS A`n{]mb¯ns\Xncn Hcp lZokp²cn¡m³ Ignbp¶hÀ lnPvdx Ggmw \qämIpImc\mb C_v\p kzemlnsâbpw ap¼v Ahkm\n¨n«pIv" (PmanD Idmam¯n HuenbmAv 1:167).

Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS hkzn¿¯\pkcn¨v Hcp akvAe XÅm\pw sImÅm\papÅ A[nImcw Akzvlm_p hpPqlnepw XÀPolnsâ apPvXlnZpfnepw \n£n]vXamWv. Chcn Akzvlm_nsâ ImeL«w lnPvdx \memw \qämtImsS Ahkm\n¨p. XÀPolnsâ apPvXlnZpIfn Ahkm\¯hÀ Camw \hhn (d), Camw dm^nCu (d) F¶nhcmsW¶v C_v\p lPÀ (d) ^Xmhbn hyàam¡nbn«pIv.